JOURNAL 

OF 

COLONEL  GEORGE  WASHINGTON, 

COMMANDING  A   DETACHMENT   OF   VIRGINIA  TROOPS, 


ROBERT  DINWIDDIE, 

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR   OF  VIRGINIA, 

ACROSS  THE  ALLEGHANY  MOUNTAINS,  IN  1754,  TO  BUILD  FORTS  AT  THE 

HEAD  OF  THE  OHIO.    IT  COMPRISES  THE  HISTORY  OF  MARCHES, 

CAMPINGS  AND  EVENTS,  A  SKIRMISH   WITH  THE 

FRENCH,  AND  THE  DEATH  OF  THEIR  LEADER, 

DE  JUMONVILLE. 

The  Journal  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy,  who,  in  1756, 
printed  a  version  of  it  in  French;  a  new  translation  of  this 
into  English  is  what  is  here  given  in  the  absence  of  the 
original.  To  complete  the  nistory  of  the  Expedition 

AN  APPENDIX 

IS  ADDED  IN  THE-FORM  OF  A  DIARY,  SUPPLYING  AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  BATTLE 

OF  THE  GREAT  MEADOWS  AND  THE  CAPITULATION  OF  FORT  NECESSITY; 

THE  RETREAT  OF  THE  ARMY;   WITH  COPIES  OF  ORIGINAL  MUSTER 

AND   PAY   ROLLS  OF  THE  VIRGINIA  REGIMENT,  AND  OTHER 

DOCUMENTS   CONNECTED   WITH   THIS   EXPEDITION. 

Edited^  ivith  Notes^ 

BY 

J.  M.  TONER,  M.  D. 


ALBANY,  N.  V.: 

JOEL  MUNSELL'S  SONS,  PUBLISHERS. 
1893- 


813 


Entered,  according  to  act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety -three, 

BY  J.  M.  TONER, 
In  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  real  provocation  or  motive  for  the  armed 
expedition  to  the  Ohio  in  1754  was  not  frankly 
stated  by  the  Governor  to  the  Legislative  Assembly 
of  Virginia,  or  in  any  state  paper  by  the  British 
Ministry,  and  is  only  to  be  gathered  from  the  official 
letters  of  Governor  Dinwiddie  and  the  correspondence 
of  other  parties,  well  informed  in  State  affairs,  of  that 
period.  The  following  extract  from  a  letter  written  by 
Governor  Dinwiddie  to  Colonel  Thomas  Cresap,  and 
dated  Williamsburg,  January  23,  1752,  presents  the 
views  then  held  by  the  Colony  of  Virginia  as  to  the 
obligations  it  was  in  duty  bound  to  observe  toward  the 
French  in  the  region  of  the  head-waters  of  the  Ohio : 
"  Sir :  You  herewith  will  receive  the  Opinion  of  the 
Council  in  Answer  to  your  Letters.  As  to  making 
Reprisals  for  the  Robberies  done  by  the  French  on 
the  Ohio,  it  is  inconsistent  with  the  Laws  of  Nations, 
while  We  are  in  Peace  with  France,  and  your  Letter 
is  too  general :  if  you  can  give  a  particular  Account 
of  the  different  Robberies,  we  must  apply  to  the 
Governor  of  Canada  for  Redress  ;  Upon  his  Refusal, 
we  may  proceed  in  another  manner."  The  Governor 
shortly  after  writing  this  letter  became  interested  in 
"the  Ohio  Company,"  which  was  a  creation  of  the 


4  Introduction. 

British  Ministry  designed  to  test  the  strength  and 
disposition  of  the  French  in  maintaining  their  claim 
to  that  vast  region  of  country  and  to  see  what 
support  measures  for  asserting  a  counter-claim  would 
receive  from  the  Colonies.  The  movement  on  the 
part  of  Virginia  was  by  no  means  a  spontaneous 
outburst  on  the  part  of  the  people.  On  the  contrary, 
the  measure  was  set  on  foot  by  the  Governor,  almost 
without  conference,  except  with  his  Council,  although 
he  solicited  aid  from  the  other  Colonies  soon  after 
he  had  committed  himself  to  the  enterprise.  It 
seems  more  than  probable  that  the  project  was  in 
spired  more  by  state-craft  and  private  interest,  than 
from  any  ambition  on  the  part  of  Virginia  to  repel 
Indian  depredations  or  to  acquire  additional  territory. 
While  the  expedition  was  a  war  measure,  war  had 
not  been  declared,  and  the  propriety  of,  and  necessity 
for,  the  measure  were  not  apparent  to,  or  sympathized 
in,  by  the  mass  of  the  people  in  the  several  Colonies 
and  was,  to  a  great  degree,  unpopular  with  the  As 
semblies  of  Virginia,  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania. 
The  following  extract  from  a  letter  written  on  the 
subject  by  Governor  Dinwiddie  in  January,  1754,  to 
Lord  Fairfax,  discloses  some  of  the  State  motives 
and,  at  the  same  time,  shows  the  indifference  of  the 
people.  He  says:  "  As  the  French  Forces  on  the 
Ohio  intend  down  as  far  as  Logstown  early  in  the 
spring,  I  think  it  is  for  His  M'y's  Service  and  the  Pro 
tection  of  the  Settlem'ts  of  this  Dom'n  to  do  all  in 
our  Power  to  prevent  their  building  any  Forts  or 


Introduction.  5 

making  any  Settlem'ts  on  that  river,  and  more  par 
ticularly  so  nigh  us  as  that  of  the  Logstown.  I  there 
fore,  with  Advice  of  the  Council,  think  proper  to 
send  immediately  out  200  Men  to  protect  those 
already  sent  by  the  Ohio  Comp'  to  build  a  Fort,  and 
to  resist  any  Attempts  on  them.  I  have  Commis- 
sion'd  Major  George  Washington,  the  Bearer  hereof, 
to  command  100  Men  to  be  rais'd  in  Frederick  County 
and  Augusta,  therefore  I  trouble  Y'r  L'ds'  to  direct 
the  Militia  of  Frederick  to  be  drawn  out  and  fifty 
Men  to  be  enlisted  for  that  service,  that  Number 
probably  may  voluntarily  enlist  themselves  on  this 
Expedit'n  on  the  Pay  settled  by  Act  of  Assembly, 
but  if  they  do  not  voluntarialy  enter  on  this  Service, 
I  think  they  must  ballot,  that  the  Number  may  be 
ascertained  so  as  to  prevent  as  far  as  we  can,  of 
being  Surpriz'd.  When  the  Men  are  properly  order'd 
and  their  Names  taken,  they  may  proceed  to  Alex 
andria  to  Maj'r  Carlisle,  who  I  have  appointed  Com 
missary  of  Stores  and  Provisions,  who  will  take 
proper  Care  of  them." 

The  drafts  and  enlistments  were  so  slow  and  in 
adequate  to  the  purpose,  as  to  induce  Governor  Din- 
widdie,  February  iQth,  1754,  to  issue  a  proclamation 
granting  two  hundred  thousand  acres  of  land  on  the 
Ohio,  to  be  divided  among  f  the  officers  and  men 
serving  in  this  expedition. 

In  a  letter  in  answer  to  Governor  Hamilton,  who 
requested  of  Governor  Dinwiddie  a  specific  state 
ment  of  his  purposes  on  the  Ohio,  he  writes,  2/th 


6  Introduction. 

of  April,  1 754:  "  The  Plan  of  my  Operat's  is  agreeable 
to  His  M'y's  Com'ds  to  take  Possess'n  of  the  Lands 
on  the  Ohio  in  His  Name,  to  build  two  Forts  My 
Order  to  the  Com'd'r  in  Chief,  is  to  be  on  the  De 
fensive,  but  if  oppos'd  by  the  Enemy,  to  desire  them 
to  retire;  if  they  sh'd  still  persist,  to  repel  Force  by 
Force.  If  You  sh'd  raise  Men,  they  may  be  told  to 
submit  to  the  rules  and  regulat's  of  the  other  Forces." 
[Pa.  Colo.  Records,  vi,  p.  32.] 

The  apathy  of  the  people  was  so  great  as  to  amount 
to  opposition,  but  was,  in  time,  greatly  overcome  by 
personal  influence,  national  pride,  dislike  of  the 
French  and  fear  of  Indian  atrocities  which  were 
pictured  as  imminent.  The  theory  upon  which  the 
English  government  acted  throughout  was  that  the 
French  had  no  valid  claim  to  the  territory  or,  indeed, 
any  land  in  America,  notwithstanding  existing  treaties 
which  the  British  were  bound  to  respect,  and  they 
made  good  these  conclusions  in  a  war  of  expulsion. 


THE  JOURNAL  OF  MAJOR  WASHINGTON.1 


[Notes  in  the  French  edition  are  copied  and  referred  to  by  letters,  while  the  editor's  notes 
are  referred  to  by  numerals.] 

On  the  3ist  of  March  [1754]  I  received  from  his 
Honor(V)2  a  Lieutenant  Colonel's  Commission3 of  the 
Virginia  Regiment,  whereof  Joshua  Fry,  Esq.4  was 
Colonel,  dated  the  15th,  with  Orders  to  take  the 
troops,  which  were  at  the  time  quartered  at  Alex 
andria,5  under  my  command  and  to  march6  with 
them  towards  the  Ohio,  there  to  help  Captain  Trent* 
to  build  Forts,  and  to  defend  the  possessions  of  his 
Majesty  against  the  attempts  and  hostilities(^)  of 
the  French. 


1  This  is  a  private  journal  of  Colonel  George 
Washington's,  kept  by  him  on  his  march  from  Alex 
andria  to  the  Ohio  in  the  spring  of  1754.  By  mis 
chance  and  the  accidents  attending  war  it  fell  into 
the  hands  of  the  French.  The  Journal  was  in  no 
sense  an  official  one,  and  even  the  French  rendering 
of  it  makes  it  accord,  in  all  essential  points,  with  his 
letters  to  Governor  Dinwiddie  and  to  other  corre 
spondents.  Sparks  says  the  Journal  was  captured  at 
the  battle  of  the  Monongahela.  He  does  not,  how- 

(a)  Governor  Dinwiddie  of  Virginia. 

(3)  These  hostilities  had  consisted  in  defending  that  country  against  the  invasion  of  the 
English,  and  in  summoning  the  latter  to  withdraw.  This  note  in  the  French  edition  of  the 
Journal  is  omitted  in  the  English  translation  published  by  Gain  in  New  York,  1757. 


8  Washingtoris 

ever,  give  any  authority  for  this  statement.  It  is 
doubtless  true  that  some  of  General  Braddock's 
papers  were  captured  at  the  battle  of  Monongahela, 
and  some  of  Washington's  may  also  have  been  lost  in 
that  engagement.  But  in  the  absence  of  any  specified 
testimony  to  that  effect,  that  this  journal  was  cap 
tured  at  that  time,  and  there  being  no  reason  why 
Washington  should  have  the  Journal  of  1754  with 
him  in  the  campaign  of  1755,  and  the  further  fact 
that  the  record  in  the  Journal  is  alleged  to  stop  on 
the  27th  of  June,  the  time,  Washington's  forces  began 
their  retreat,  I  am  of  the  opinion  it  was  lost  with  his 
other  papers  at  the  battle  of  the  Great  Meadows. 
Again,  the  period  between  the  date  of  the  last  entry 
and  the  battle  of  the  Great  Meadows  was  so  inces 
santly  occupied  as  to  preclude  the  giving  of  any 
thought  to  his  Journal ;  but  had  Washington  pre 
served  his  Journal  after  the  battle,  it  would  have 
been  according  to  his  usual  custom  and  exactness  to 
have  completed  it  so  as  to  include  the  history  of  the 
campaign  to  its  close  and  his  return  to  Williamsburg. 
This  view  is  strengthened  by  Washington's  statement 
of  his  losses  in  a  letter  to  Carter  Burwell,  Esq.,  Chair 
man  of  the  Committee  on  Military  Affairs  in  the 
House  of  Burgesses,  bearing  date  the  2oth  of  April, 
1 755  :  "  For  besides  the  loss  of  many  valuable  papers, 
a  valuable  servant  (who  died  a  few  days  after  of  his 
wounds),  my  stores,  wearing  apparel,  books  &  horses, 
amounting  to  no  trifling  sum  on  the  whole,  and  in 
which  I  was  in  a  manner  singular  by  being  the  only 
person  who  got  his  baggage  up  before  the  engage 
ment  happened."  This  letter  was  written  before  the 
Braddock  campaign  began,  and  the  loss  is  referred 
to  the  engagement  of  the  Great  Meadows.  A  fur 
ther  reference  to  his  loss  of  papers  occurs  in  the  copy 


Journal.  9 

of  his  first  account  with  the  county,  rendered  to  the 
Assembly  of  Virginia,  preserved  in  the  Department 
of  State,  City  of  Washington,  in  which  the  closing 
item  is:  "To  sundry  small  disbursements  which  I 
cannot  recollect  or  ace1,  for,  having  lost  all  my  papers 
in  ye  engagement,"  namely,  the  battle  of  the  Great 
Meadows. 

2  Robert  Dinwiddie,  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Vir 
ginia  from  1751-7,  was  born  near  Glasgow,  Scotland, 
1693  ;  died  near  Clifton,  England,  August  ist,  1770. 
Having  been  favored  with  a  good  education,  he  was 
disciplined  to  the  counting-house  and  commerce. 
December  ist,  1727,  he  was  appointed  Collector  of 
Customs  in  the  Island  of  Bermuda,  which  position 
he  held,  under  successive  commissions,  until  April 
nth,  1738,  when,  in  recognition  of  his  ability  and 
fidelity,  he  was  appointed  "  Surveyor-General  of 
Customs  of  the  Southern  Ports  on  the  Continent  of 
America."  In  this  office  he  was  named,  as  his  prede 
cessors  had  been,  a  member  of  the  Councils  of  the 
American  Colonies.  This  mandate  was  recognized  by 
Governor  Gooch  of  Virginia,  but  the  claim  was  resisted 
by  the  Councillors,  who  refused  to  allow  him  to  sit 
with  them  and  transmitted  a  remonstrance  to  the 
King,  asking  for  his  exclusion.  The  Board  of  Trade 
in  May,  1742,  advised  that  the  royal  purpose  should- 
be  adhered  to  in  the  matter.  He  was  specially  com 
missioned  August  1 7th,  1743,  Inspector-General  to 
examine  into  the  duties  and  the  collection  of  customs 
of  the  Island  of  Barbadoes  and  discovered  flagrant 
frauds.  In  1749  he  appears  to  have  resided  in  Eng 
land  as  a  merchant.  He  was  appointed  as  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  Virginia  July  2Oth,  1751;  and,  on  his 
arrival  in  November  following,  was  warmly  welcomed 
by  the  State  officials.  Under  his  administration  the  at- 


i  o  Washingtoris 

tempt  was  begun  to  expel  the  French  from  the  head  of 
the  Ohio  Valley,  at  Fort  Duquesne.  He  was  a  zealous 
and  vigilant  officer,  and  early  discerned  the  capa 
bilities  of  George  Washington,  whom  he  appointed 
Adjutant-General  of  a  military  district.  He  was  a 
Loyalist  of  the  sternest  stamp.  In  1 754  he  suggested 
to  the  British  Board  of  Trade,  taxation  of  the  Colonies 
to  raise  funds  for  military  defenses,  and  in  1755  was 
one  of  the  five  Lieutenant-Governors  who  memorial 
ized  the  Ministry  to  the  same  purpose.  He  left  the 
Colony  in  1 758,  worn  out  with  vexation,  with  the 
cares  of  office  and  with  age.  He  was  very  meddle 
some  in  military  matters,  and  seemed  at  times  un 
generous  enough  to  be  jealous  of  the  popularity  of 
Washington,  which  left  an  unpleasant  memory  be 
hind  him.  \Drake,  also  Brock,  in  the  Dinwiddie 
Papers^ 

3  George  Washington's  Commission  of  Lieutenant- 
Colonel. —  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  a  copy  of 
this  commission. —  It  is  not  certain  whether  the  date 
given  in  the  Journal,  March  3ist,  should  be  taken  as 
the  date  of  this  commission,  or  of  its  reception,  since 
Governor  Dinwiddie,  writing  in  January,  i  754,  to  Lord 
Fairfax  says  that  he  had  "commissioned  Major  George 
Washington  to  command  100  men,"  etc.  Washington 
was  attending  to  his  duties  as  Lieutenant-Colonel 
before  the  ist  of  February,  1754.  Governor  Din 
widdie,  in  a  letter  to  George  Washington,  which 
bears  date  March  i5th,  1754,  says:  "you  have  Com'o 
Lieut.  Colo  12s  6d  p  day  without  any  trouble  of  Com 
manding  a  Company."  In  a  letter  to  the  Governor, 
written  from  Alexandria  March  2oth,  1 754,  Washing 
ton  acknowledges  the  receipt  of  the  commission  with 
appreciative  remarks.  June  4th,  of  the  same  year, 
Governor  Dinwiddie  wrote  to  Lieutenant-Colonel 


Journal.  1 1 

Washington  and  sent  him  his  commission  as  Colonel 
using  the  following  language  :  "  Sir,  on  the  death 
of  Colonel  Fry  I  have  tho'  it  proper  to  send  you  the 
enclosed  Com'n  to  Com'd  the  Virg'a  regiment  and 
another  for  Maj'r  Muse  to  be  Lieut.  Colo.  The  oldest 
Capt.  to  be  Major,  and  the  eldest  Lieut,  to  be  Capt., 
the  eldest  Ensign  to  be  Lieut.,  unless  you  sh'd  have 
Object'n  to  them." 

Washington  resigned  this  latter  commission  in 
October,  1754,  because  under  the  new  military  estab 
lishment,  devised  by  Governor  Dinwiddie,  to  consist 
of  ten  independent  companies  of  100  men  each,  there 
was  no  grade  or  rank  provided  for  above  that  of  a 
Captain,  and  all  Colonial  appointments  were  to  be 
subordinated  to  officers  of  whatever  rank,  holding 
commissions  from  the  King.  The  effect  of  this 
arrangement  was  to  reduce  Colonel  Washington  to 
the  rank  of  Captain  and  to  place  him  under  officers 
he  had  commanded.  To  this  he  would  not  consent, 
but  quietly  retired  and  remained  in  private  life  at 
Mount  Vernon  until  invited  in  a  letter  from  General 
Braddock  of  March  2nd,  1755,  to  join  his  staff  as  an 
aide,  and  in  that  capacity  make  the  campaign  to  the 
Ohio. 

4  Colonel  Joshua  Fry,  born  in  Somersetshire,  Eng 
land;  educated  at  Oxford,  and  mentioned  as  being 
in  Virginia  and  holding  the  position  of  Parish  Vestry 
man  and  Magistrate  in  1710,  in  Essex  county;  mar 
ried  Mary,  widow  of  Colonel  Hill,  an  extensive 
landed  proprietor,  and  daughter  of  Paul  Micou,  a 
Huguenot  physician  in  exile.  In  1729  Mr.  Fry  was 
appointed  Master  of  the  Grammar  School  of  William 
and  Mary  College,  and  subsequently  Professor  of 
Mathematics.  In  1737  he  proposed  to  the  Virginia 
Assembly,  in  conjunction  with  Major  Robert  Brock 


1 2  Washington  s 

and  Major  William  Mayo,  "to  make  an  exact  survey 
of  the  Colony  and  print  and  publish  a  map  thereof, 
&c.,  if  the  House  should  see  fit  to  encourage  the 
same."  Later  Mr.  Fry  appears  to  have  been  a  mem 
ber  of  the  House  of  Burgesses  and  of  the  Council. 
He  was  Presiding  Justice  of  Albemarle  county  from 
1746  to  1748,  and  possibly  longer;  was  appointed 
County  Lieutenant  March  28th,  1745;  and  the  same 
year  acted  with  Peter  Jefferson  as  one  of  the  Com 
missioners  of  the  Crown  in  marking  the  line  from  the 
head  spring  of  the  Potomac  river,  and  defining  the 
western  limit  of  the  grant  of  the  "  Northern  Neck"- 
the  Lord  Fairfax  landed  estate.  About  this  time  he 
assisted  with  Jefferson  in  the  completion  of  the  map 
of  Virginia  known  as  "  Fry  &  Jefferson's."  In  1749 
Fry  and  Jefferson  were  Commissioners  on  the  part  of 
Virginia  to  continue  the  survey  of  the  boundary  line 
between  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  which  had 
been  left  in  1728  at  Peter's  creek.  In  1752  he  was 
one  of  the  Commissioners  for  Virginia  at  a  treaty  with 
the  Indians  at  Logstown,  on  the  Ohio  below  Pitts- 
burg.  He  was  commissioned  in  February,  1754,  Col 
onel,  and  intrusted  with  the  command  of  the  Virginia 
forces  intended  to  circumvent  the  purposes  of  the 
French  on  the  Ohio.  He  died  from  an  injury,  being 
accidentally  thrown  from  his  horse  while  marching  to 
the  region  designated  at  Will's  creek  (now  Cumber 
land),  May  3 ist,  1754.  He  was  faithfully  attended 
by  Dr.  Craik.  On  his  death  the  command  of  the 
expedition  devolved  wholly  upon  Washington,  as  it 
had  been  managed  by  him  from  its  inception.  \jDin- 
widdie  Papers,  vol.  \,  p.  7,  Slaughter^  Drake^\ 

The  following  is  a  copy  of  Colonel  Joshua  Fry's 
commission: 

"  ROBERT  DINWIDDIE,  Esqr.:  His  Majesty's  Lieuten- 


Journal.  1 3 

ant-Governor  &  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Colony 
and  Dominion  of  Virginia. 

"  T& Joshua  Fry,  Esq.: 

"  His  Majesty  having  by  His  royal  Instructions 
commanded  me  to  send  a  proper  Number  of  Forces 
to  erect  and  maintain  a  Fort  at  the  Fork  of  Monon- 
gahela,  a  Branch  of  the  River  Ohio.  And  having  a 

food  opinion  of  your  Loyalty,  Conduct  and  Ability, 
do  hereby  constitute,  appoint  and  commission  you, 
the  said  Joshua  Fry,  to  be  Colonel  &  Commander- 
in-Chief  of  the  Forces  now  raising  and  to  be  called 
the  Virginia  Regiment,  with  which,  and  the  Cannon, 
Armes,  Ammunition — necessary  Provision  &  Goods, 
you  are  with  all  possible  Dispatch  to  proceed  to  the 
said  Forks  of  Monongahela  and  there  act  according 
to  Your  Instructions. —  And  I  hereby  direct  and  re 
quire  all  Officers,  Soldiers,  and  others  to  obey  Your 
Orders  and  Commands,  for  which  this  shall  be  yours 
and  their  warrant. 

"  Given  under  my  Hand  &  the  Seal  of  the  Col 
ony  at  Williamsburg  the  25th  Day  of  February,  in 
the  27th  year  of  His  Majesty's  Reign,  Annoque 
Domine  1754."  [.From  the  original  commission  now 
in  the  possession  of  Mrs.  W.  O.  Fry,  of  Charlottes- 
ville,  Va.,  1890. 

"  Instruction's  to  Joshua  Fry,  Esqr.,  Colo,  and 
Com'r-in-Chief  of  the  Virg'a  Regiment. 

"Mar.,  1754. 

"  Sir:  The  Forces  under  Y'r  Com'd  are  rais'd  to  pro 
tect  our  frontier  Settlements  from  the  incursions  of  the 
French  and  the  Ind's  in  F'dship  with  them.  I  therefore 
desire  You  will  with  all  possible  Expedition  repair 
to  Alexandria  on  the  Head  of  the  Poto.  River,  and 


14  Washington's 

there  take  upon  You  the  com'd  of  the  Forces  accord 
ingly;  w'ch  I  Expect  will  be  at  that  Town  the  Mid 
dle  of  next  Mo.  You  are  to  march  them  to  will's 
Creek,  above  the  Falls  of  Poto.  from  thence  with 
the  Great  Guns,  Amunit'n  and  Provisions.  You  are 
to  proceed  to  Monongahela,  when  ariv'd  there,  You 
are  to  make  Choice  of  the  best  Place  to  erect  a  Fort 
for  mounting  y'r  Cannon  and  ascertain'g  Flis  M'y 
the  King  of  G.  B's  undoubted  right  to  those  Lands. 
My  Orders  to  You  is  to  be  on  the  Defensive  and  if 
any  foreign  Force  sh'd  come  to  annoy  You  or  inter 
rupt  Y'r  quiet  Settlem't,  and  building  the  Fort  as 
afores'd,  You  are  in  that  Case  to  represent  to  them 
the  Powers  and  Orders  You  have  from  me,  and  I 
desire  they  w'd  imediately  retire  and  not  to  prevent 
You  in  the  discharge  of  your  Duty.  If  they  sh'd 
continue  to  be  obstinate  after  your  desire  to  retire, 
you  are  then  to  repell  Force  by  Force.  I  expect  a 
Number  of  the  Southern  Indians  will  join  you  on 
this  expedit'n,  w'ch  with  the  Indians  on  the  Ohio,  I 
desire  You  will  cultivate  a  good  Understanding  and 
Correspondence  with,  supplying  them  with  what 
Provisions  and  other  Necessaries  You  can  spare; 
and  write  to  Maj'r  Carlyle  w'n  You  want  Provisions, 
who  has  my  Orders  to  purchase  and  Keep  a  proper 
Magazine  for  Your  dem'ds.  Keep  up  a  good  Com'd 
and  regular  Discipline,  inculcate  morality  and  Cour 
age  in  Y'r  Soldiers  that  they  may  answer  the  Views 
on  w'ch  they  are  rais'd.  You  are  to  constitute  a 
Court  Martial  of  the  Chief  of  Your  Officers,  with 
whom  You  are  to  advise  and  consult  on  all  Affairs  of 
Consequence;  and  as  the  Fate  of  this  Expedition 
greatly  depends  on  You,  from  the  Opinion  I  have  of 
Your  good  Sense  and  Conduct,  I  refer  the  Manage 
ment  of  the  whole  to  You  with  the  Advice  of  the 


JoiirnaL  1 5 

Court  Martial.  Sincerely  recommending  You  to  the 
Protection  of  God,  wishing  Success  to  our  just  De 
signs,  I  heartily  wish  You  farewell." 

5  Alexandria,  formerly  "  Bell  Haven,"  was  included 
within  the  original  grant  of  6,000  acres  of  land  front 
ing  and  lying  along  the  Potomac  river  from  Hunt 
ing  creek  up  to  Pomit's  run,  nearly  opposite 
Georgetown,  from  Sir  William  Berkeley,  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  Virginia,  to  Robert  Howson,  in  October, 
1669.  In  the  same  year,  Mr.  Howson,  for  the  con 
sideration  of  six  hogsheads  of  tobacco,  conveyed 
these  lands  to  John  Alexander,  who,  with  his  two 
brothers,  Robert  and  Gerard,  had  emigrated  from 
Scotland  to  Virginia  and  were  then  seated  upon  their 
property. 

"A  tobacco-rolling  house,"  as  such  storage  or  ware 
house  was  called  in  this  part  of  Virginia,  because 
of  the  mode  of  rolling  the  hogsheads  of  tobacco  on 
their  own  periphery,  was  soon  after  established  near 
the  mouth  of  Hunting  creek,  and  was  for  a  time 
known  as  "  Hunting  Creek  Warehouse,"  but  later, 
as  it  grew  to  be  a  favorite  shipping  port  for  the 
upper  Potomac  plantation,  as  "Bell  Haven."  Fi 
nally,  as  the  village  grew  in  importance,  and  the 
influence  and  large  land  possessions  of  the  Alexan 
ders  increased,  it  came  to  be  known  as  Alexandria. 
The  laying  out  of  the  town  was  authorized  by 
Act  of  Assembly  in  1748,  while  Major  Lawrence 
Washington  was  a  member  of  the  House  of  Bur 
gesses,  and  it  was  regularly  organized  as  a  town  in 
1 749.  George  Washington  was  a  member  of  its  Board 
of  Trustees  in  1763.  It  became  a  corporation  under 
the  name  of  Alexandria  by  an  Act  of  the  Assembly 
of  Virginia  in  1779.  When  the  ten  miles  square 
was  selected  for  the  permanent  seat  of  the  govern- 


1 6  Washington  s 

ment  of  the  United  States,  a  part  of  Alexandria,  then 
in  Fairfax  county,  fell  within  the  District.  But  in 
1846,  by  Act  of  Congress,  all  that  part  of  the  Dis-, 
trict  lying  south  of  the  Potomac  was  retroceded  to 
Virginia,  and  that  portion  which,  for  a  time,  was  in 
the  District  of  Columbia,  is  now  known  as  Alexandria 
county. 

GOVERNOR  DINWIDDIE'S  INSTRUCTIONS  TO  MAJOR 
WASHINGTON. 

"Instructs  to  be  observd  by  Maj'r  Geo.  Washington, 
on  the  Expeditn  to  the  Ohio. 

"  MAJ'R  GEO.  WASHINGTON  :  You  are  forthwith  to 
repair  to  the  Co'ty  of  Frederick  and  there  to  take 
under  Y'r  Com'd  50  Men  of  the  Militia  who  will  be 
deliver'd  to  You  by  the  Comd'r  of  the  s'd  Co'ty 
pursuant  to  my  Orders.  You  are  to  send  Y'r  Lieut, 
at  the  same  Time  to  the  Co'ty  of  Augusta,  to  receive 
50  Men  from  the  Comd'r  of  that  Co'ty  as  I  have 
order'd,  and  with  them  he  is  to  join  You  at  Alex 
andria,  to  which  Place  You  are  to  proceed  as  soon  as 
You  have  rec'd  the  Men  in  Frederick.  Having  rec'd 
the  Detachm't,  You  are  to  train  and  discipline  them 
in  the  best  Manner  You  can,  and  for  all  Necessaries 
You  are  to  apply  Y'rself  to  Mr.  Jno.  Carlisle  at 
Alex'a  who  has  my  Orders  to  supply  You.  Having 
all  Things  in  readiness  You  are  to  use  all  Expedition 
in  proceeding  to  the  Fork  of  Ohio  with  the  Men 
under  Com'd  and  there  you  are  to  finish  and  compleat 
in  the  best  Manner  and  as  soon  as  You  possibly  can, 
the  Fort  w'ch  I  expect  is  there  already  begun  by  the 
Ohio  Comp'a.  You  are  to  act  on  the  Defensive,  but 
in  Case  any  Attempts  are  made  to  obstruct  the 
Works  or  interrupt  our  Settlem'ts  by  any  Persons 


Journal.  1 7 

whatsoever  You  are  to  restrain  all  such  Offenders, 
and  in  Case  of  resistance  to  make  Prisoners  of  or 
kill  and  destroy  them.  For  the  rest  You  are  to  con 
duct  Y'rself  as  the  Circumst's  of  the  Service  shall 
require  and  to  act  as  You  shall  find  best  for  the 
Furtherance  of  His  M'y's  Service  and  the  Good  of 
His  Dom'n.  Wishing  You  Health  and  Success  I 
bid  you  Farewell."  [Brock  in  Dinwiddie  Papers, 
vol.  i,/.  59.] 

7  Captain  William  Trent  was  a  native  of  Lancaster, 
Pennsylvania,  born  about  1715.  His  father  was  a 
distinguished  citizen  of  the  State.  Captain  Trent 
entered  the  military  service  of  Pennsylvania  under  a 
commission  from  Governor  Thomas  in  1746,  serving 
against  Canada  under  the  immediate  orders  of  Gov 
ernor  Clinton.  The  following  year  he  was  honorably 
discharged,  receiving  the  thanks  of  the  Assembly. 
In  1749  he  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hamilton, 
Justice  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  and  General 
Sessions  of  Peace,  for  Cumberland  county,  Pa.,  and 
the  same  year  was  employed  as  a  confidential  mes 
senger  to  the  Ohio  Indians  to  deliver  messages  of 
good  will  and  presents  from  the  government  of 
Pennsylvania.  For  this  service  he  was  paid  by  the 
Legislature  ^245.  In  1750  Captain  Trent  formed  a 
co-partnership  with  his  brother-in-law,  Colonel 
George  Croghan,  and  others,  and  engaged  in  trade 
with  the  Indians  on  the  Ohio.  The  firm  was  pros 
perous  and  it  was  said  Dr.  Benjamin  Franklin  was  a 
member  of  the  company.  The  Governor  of  Virginia 
also  employed  Captain  Trent,  because  of  his  thor 
ough  acquaintance  with  the  Indians  on  the  Ohio 
river,  as  an  agent  to  attend  his  Commissioners  at  a 
treaty  with  the  Indians  in  1752  at  Logstown,  below 
the  forks  of  the  Ohio.  Before  this  treaty  was  con- 


1 8  Washington  s 

eluded  he  was  dispatched  with  messages  and  presents 
to  the  Miami  Indians.  [See  Trent's  Journal^  In 
August,  1753,  he  was  authorized  by  Governor  Din- 
widdie  to  examine  the  site  selected  by  the  Commis 
sioners  in  1752  for  a  fort  near  the  forks  of  the  Ohio 
and  to  report.  In  September  of  the  same  year  he 
was  present  at  a  treaty  with  Indians  at  Winchester, 
Va.,  and  was  selected  as  one  of  three,  the  others 
being  Andrew  Montour  and  Christopher  Gist,  to 
deliver  presents  to  the  Miami  and  Delaware  Indians. 
Early  in  the  spring  of  1754,  Governor  Dinwiddie 
commissioned  him  to  raise  a  company  of  100  men 
for  immediate  service  and  directed  him  to  protect 
and  assist  the  Ohio  Company  or  himself  to  erect 
a  fort  with  his  command  at  the  forks  of  the  Ohio. 
His  men  were  to  be  recruited  from  the  immediate 
vicinity  and  some  of  them  were  in  his  nominal  or 
actual  employment.  John  Frazer,  who  resided  at 
the  mouth  of  Turtle  creek,  on  the  Monongahela, 
was  commissioned  his  Lieutenant  and  Edward  Ward, 
his  Ensign.  The  complement  of  men  was  not  ob 
tained,  but  work  was  begun  on  the  fort.  When,  on 
the  1 7th  of  February,  in  the  absence  of  Captain 
Trent,  and  also  Lieutenant  Frazer,  Ensign  Ward, 
was  suddenly  summoned  by  a  superior  force  of 
French  and  Indians  to  depart,  a  demand  to  which 
he  was  obliged  to  submit,  Trent  was  severely  cen 
sured  by  Governor  Dinwiddie  for  being  absent  from 
his  post  and  ordered  to  be  court-martialed,  but  he 
was  never  brought  to  trial.  In  1761  Captain  Trent 
had  presented  to  the  Assembly  of  Virginia  a  claim 
against  the  Province  for  money  expended  under 
engagements  with  Governor  Dinwiddie.  The  fol 
lowing  is  the  report  to  the  House  of  Burgesses  on 
the  matter  from  a  committee  to  consider  the  merits 


Journal.  1 9 

of  the  claim.  Journal  April  Qth,  1761:  "Mr  Pendle- 
ton  reported  that  the  Committee  appointed  had, 
according  to  order,  inquired  whether  any  and  what 
Part  of  a  Judgment  recovered  in  the  General  Court 
by  William  Trent,  Gent.,  against  the  Hon.  Robert 
Dinwiddie,  Esq.,  late  Lieutenant-Governor  of  this 
Colony,  ought  to  be  paid  by  the  Publick;  and  that 
they  had  agreed  on  a  Report,  and  come  to  a  Reso 
lution  thereon,  which  he  read  in  his  place,  and  then 
delivered  in  at  the  table,  where  the  same  were  again 
read,  and  are  as  follows: 

"  It  appears  to  your  Committee  that  Mr.  Trent's 
claim  for  ^401-2-9^,  Part  of  his  Recovery,  was  for 
his  expense  and  trouble  in  carrying  out  presents  of 
Goods  for  the  Indians  at  two  several  times  by  order 
of  the  Governour  and  Council ;  that  this  Claim  of 
^291-5-10  was  for  the  pay  and  Provisions  of  him 
self  and  a  Company  of  Men  under  his  Command, 
raised  by  order  of  the  said  Lieutenant-Governour, 
before  the  first  Virginia  Regiment  was  established, 
and  who  afterwards  were  enlisted  into  the  said  Regi 
ment,  and  that  ^107-1 1-4^,  the  residue  of  his  recov 
ery  of  ;£8oo,  was  allowed  by  the  Jury  for  interest  on 
those  sums,  of  which  interest  ,£45-2-2  accrued  on 
the  said  sum  of  ^"291-5-10. 

"  Resolved,  that  it  is  the  Opinion  of  this  Com 
mittee  that  the  said  sum  of  ^29 1-5-10  ought  to  be 
paid  by  the  Publick,  but  no  Part  of  the  Interest  as 
Application  was  never  made  to  this  House, for  Pay 
ment  of  the  said  Money ;  and  it  was  a  transaction 
entirely  between  the  said  Lieutenant-Governour  and 
Council,  and  the  said  Trent. 

"  The  said  Resolution  being  read  a  second  time, 
and  the  Question  put  that  the  House  agree  thereto, 
it  passed  in  the  Negative." 


2O 


Wash  in  oiori  s 


Captain  Trent  met  with  heavy  losses  in  the  Indian 
trade,  and  it  is  believed  he  died  poor.  He  was  a 
patriot  in  the  Revolution  and  held  a  Major's  com 
mission  at  Fort  Pitt  in  July,  1776.  In  1778  while 
on  his  way  from  Ft.  Pitt  he  was  taken  ill  at  his  house 
in  Cumberland  Co.,  Pa.,  and  is  buried  in  an  old 
graveyard  at  "Silver  Spring  Church."  \SeeJournal 
of  Wm.  Trent '.] 

April  the  2nd  Every  Thing  being  ready,  we  began 
our  march  according  to  our  Orders,  the  2nd  of  April 
with  two  Companies  of  Foot,  commanded  by  Captain 
Peter*  Hog  and  Lieutenant  Jacob  Van  Braam? 
five  subalterns,  two  Sergeants,  six  Corporals,  one 
Drummer,  and  one  hundred  and  twenty  Soldiers, 
one  Surgeon,10  one  Swedish  Gentleman,11  who  was 
a  volunteer,  two  wagons  guarded  by  one  Lieutenant, 
Sergeant,  Corporal  and  twenty-five  Soldiers. 

8  Captain  Peter  Hog  or  Hogg,  son  of  James,  was 
born  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  in  1 703.  He  is  believed 
to  have  been  a  near  relative  of  the  famous  "  Ettrick 
Shepherd."  He  and  his  brothers  James  and  Thomas 
came  to  America  about  1745,  and  settled  in  Augusta 
county,  Virginia.  Peter  married  Elizabeth  Taylor 
March  Qth,  1 754 ;  he  was  commissioned  a  Captain,  ser 
ved  with  Washington  in  his  expedition  of  1754,  was 
at  the  capitulation  of  Fort  Necessity,  and  his  name  is 
included  among  the  officers  who  received  the  thanks 
of  the  Assembly  of  Virginia  for  their  brave  defense 
of  English  rights.  In  1756  he  was  actively  engaged 
in  the  construction  of  a  line  of  frontier  forts  which 
were  ordered  by  the  Assembly.  [See  Washington's 
instructions  to  him  July  2ist,  1756.]  He  took 


Journal.  2 1 

part,  also,  in  the  Sandy  Creek  Expedition  the  same 
year,  and  served  continuously  in  the  Virginia  regi 
ment  until  the  fall  of  Fort  Duquesne.  On  leaving 
the  military  service  he  studied  law  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  May  loth,  1 759.  Lord  Dunmore  appointed 
him  Deputy  to  the  Attorney-General  for  the  county 
of  "  Dunmore"  in  1772,  which  being  renamed  in 
1777,  is  now  known  as  Shenandoah  county,  Va.  He 
received  2,000  acres  of  land  under  the  Dinwiddie 
proclamation.  He  also  owned,  on  the  Ohio  river,  a 
tract  of  8,000  acres,  near  Point  Pleasant,  and  another 
large  tract  in  Mason  county,  Ky.  [Brock  in  Din 
widdie  Papers,  vol.  i,  470.] 

9  Captain  Jacob  Van  Braam,  a  native  of  Hol 
land,  was  trained  to  arms  and  served  under  Admiral 
Vernon  in  the  Carthagena  Expedition,  in  the  same 
department  of  the  British  army  with  Major  Lawrence 
Washington.  Having  heard  much  from  the  Virginia 
regiment  in  favor  of  the  land  of  promise  in  Virginia, 
at  the  end  of  his  military  engagement  he  removed 
there  and  was  engaged  to  some  extent  in  teaching 
military  tactics.  Jacob  Van  Braam  was  a  "  Mason  " 
and  attended  the  same  lodge  in  Fredericksburg  at 
which  Washington  became  a  member  of  that  order ; 
both  are  recorded  as  present  at  a  meeting  September 
ist,  1753.  Major  George  Washington,  when  start 
ing  on  his  journey  in  the  fall  of  1753  to  deliver 
Governor  Dinwiddie's  letter  or  summons  to  the 
French  commandant  on  the  Ohio,  found  Capt.  Van 
Braam  at  Fredericksburg,  and  engaged  him  as  an 
attendant  on  the  journey.  He  again  served  under 
Washington  in  the  expedition  to  the  Ohio  in  1 754, 
enlisting  as  a  Lieutenant,  but,  having  seen  much 
service,  he  acted  in  the  capacity  of  a  Captain,  to 
which  rank  he  was  advanced  and  proved  himself 


22  Washingtoiis 

efficient.  Captain  Van  Braam  and  Captain  Stobo, 
both  of  whom  were  in  the  engagement  at  the  Great 
Meadows  and  the  capitulation  of  Fort  Necessity  July 
3d,  1754,  were  retained  as  hostages  by  the  French. 
From  an  unfortunate  miswording  in  his  translation 
to  Washington  of  the  articles  of  surrender,  and  par 
ticularly  in  the  expression  "  assassination,"  which  he 
rendered  "  killing,"  of  Jumonville,  who  fell  in  the  skir 
mish  of  May  28th,  1754,  Van  Braam  has  been  much 
censured,  and  his  fidelity  to  the  British  cause  has  even 
been  questioned.  On  the  matter  of  the  mis-transla 
tion  Washington  wrote,  March  27th,  1757:  "That  we 
were  wilfully,  or  ignorantly,  deceived  by  our  inter 
preter  in  regard  to  the  word  assassination  I  do  aver, 
and  will  to  my  dying  moment ;  so  will  every  officer 
that  was  present."  War  had  not  been  declared  be 
tween  France  and  England,  and  the  French  prisoners 
taken  by  Washington  were  sent  to  Governor  Din- 
widdie  at  Williamsburg,  who  held  them  as  tres 
passers  or  prisoners  of  State.  The  Governor  made 
but  one  effort  for  the  exchange  or  release  of  Captains 
Van  Braam  and  Stobo  by  sending  a  flag  of  truce  to 
Fort  Duquesne  and  offering  to  send  Monsieur 
Druillon,  of  the  rank  of  Major,  and  two  Cadets, 
then  prisoners,  for  the  return  of  the  two  Captains. 
This  offer  was  declined,  and  Captains  Van  Braam  and 
Stobo  were  sent  to  Canada.  '  The  latter  escaped  from 
prison  and  the  former  was  released  on  the  surrender 
of  Montreal,  in  1760.  The  Virginia  Gazette  of  No 
vember  8th,  1 760,  announces  the  arrival  in  Williams- 
burg  of  Captain  Van  Braam.  His  name  had  been 
omitted  in  the  resolutions  of  thanks  to  the  officers 
and  men  for  their  good  conduct  in  the  battle  of  the 
Great  Meadows.  Distrust  in  his  loyalty  must  have 
given  place  to  sympathy  for  his  long  suffering,  and  his 


Journal.  23 

want  of  familiarity  with  the  French  language  became 
the  explanation  of  his  mis-translation,  else  he  would 
not  have  regained  the  confidence  of  the  Governor  of 
Virginia  as  he  did  {see  Journal  House  of  Burgesses, 
March  24^,  i  761):  "  On  motion  made,  Resolved,  That 
the  sum  of  ^500  be  paid  by  the  Treasurer  of  this 
Colony  to  Captain  Jacob  Van  Braam  over  and  above 
the  Ballance  of  his  Pay  that  is  due  to  him  to  this  time, 
as  a  Compensation  for  his  sufferings  during  a  long 
and  painful  Confinement  as  a  Hostage  in  the  Enemy's 
Country.  Ordered,  That  the  said  Resolution  be  en 
grossed,  and  that  Mr.  Bland  do  carry  it  up  to  the 
Council  for  their  Concurrence."  And  on  March  3Oth, 
1761,  the  Journal  shows  that  "  On  motion  made,  Re 
solved,  nemine  contradicente,  that  an  humble  Address, 
be  made  to  His  Honour  the  Governour  to  desire  that 
he  will  be  pleased  to  take  Capt.  Jacob  Van  Braam, 
who  has  undergone  a  long  and  severe  Captivity  in 
Canada,  to  his  special  Favor  and  Protection,  and 
recommend  him  for  Promotion  in  His  Majesty's  Ser 
vice;  and  that  Mr.  Charles  Carter  and  Mr.  Bland  do 
wait  on  his  Honour  with  the  said  address."  On  the 
2d  of  April,  1761,  "  Mr.  Charles  Carter  reported  that 
he  had,  according  to  order,  waited  on  His  Honour 
the  Governour  with  the  Address  of  this  House  in 
Favour  of  Capt.  Van  Braam,  to  which  His  Honour 
was  pleased  to  answer  that  he  would  recommend  him 
to  Lord  Halifax  and  Mr.  Secretary  Pitt  for  Promotion 
in  His  Majesty's  service."  The  Journal  of  the  House 
of  Burgesses  further  shows  that  on  April  loth,  1761, 
"  His  Honour"  likewise  gave  his  assent  to  the  above 
resolution  for  extra  pay  as  indemnity  to  Capt.  Van 
Braam.  His  claim  to  land  under  Governor  Din- 
widdie's  proclamation  of  February,  1754,  was  duly 
allowed,  and  he  received  9,000  acres.  He  was  made 


24  Washingtoris 

Major  of  the  3Oth  Battalion  of  the  6oth  Foot  of  Royal 
Americans  stationed,  in  1777,  in  the  West  Indies. 
\J3rock,  Dinwiddie  Papers,  JourL  House  Burgesses, 
etc.~\ 

10  James  Craik,  surgeon  in  the  Virginia  regiment 
in  the  armed  expedition  to  the  Ohio  in  1754,  was 
born  at  Abigland,  Scotland,  in  1730,  and  died  on  his 
plantation  "Vaucluse,"  near  Alexandria,  in  Fairfax 
county,  Va.,  February  6th,  1814.  He  was  educated 
at  Edinburgh,  graduating  both  in  letters  and  in  medi 
cine  at  the  University.  On  leaving  college  he  went, 
as  surgeon  in  the  army,  to  the  West  Indies,  but 
shortly  after  resigned,  and,  removing  to  Virginia, 
began  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Norfolk.  It 
was  from  there  that  he  received  his  appointment  to 
the  Virginia  regiment  in  the  spring  of  1754.  His 
name  appears  on  some  of  the  pay-rolls  as  an  Ensign 
and  on  others  as  a  Lieutenant,  while  he  was  also  acting 
as  Surgeon.  The  reason  or  explanation  of  this  seems* 
to  be  the  scarcity  of  trained  officers,  combined  with 
the  Doctor's  zeal  for  the  success  of  the  expedition 
and  his  desire  to  make  a  penny,  for  he  seems  to  have 
been  paid  for  both  services.  [See  the  Rolls  of 
officers  and  men  at  the  end  of  the  Journal^  In  ref 
erence  to  Dr.  Craik's  serving  as  an  Ensign,  Gov 
ernor  Dinwiddie,  in  a  letter  to  Colonel  Fry  of  May 
5th,  1 754,  uses  the  following  language:  "  The  appoint 
ing  of  Mr.  Craik,  Y'e  surgeon,  to  be  an  Ensign  I  leave 
to  your  option,  or  any  other  you  think  proper." 
\_Dinwiddie  Papers,  vol.  i,  p.  171.]  Doctor  Craik 
marched  with  Colonel  Washington  and  his  two  com 
panies  from  Alexandria  to  Will's  creek,  and  over  the 
Alleghany  Mountains,  was  with  him  in  his  operations 
on  the  Monongahela,  and  in  the  battle  of  the  Great 
Meadows.  His  name  is  included  among  the  officers 


Journal.  25 

of  the  Virginia  regiment  thanked  by  the  House  of 
Burgesses  for  their  bravery  at  the  latter  battle  and  he 
also  received  his  proportion  of  land  under  Governor 
Dinwiddie's  proclamation.  The  plot  of  this  survey  in 
Washington's  handwriting  is  among  the  Washington 
papers  in  the  Department  of  State.  Surgeon  Flem 
ing  held  the  rank  of  Ensign  in  Major  Lewis's  com 
mand  and  attended  as  a  surgeon  Captain  Hogg's 
company.  \_See  Washington  s  letter  to  John  Robin 
son,  November  9,  1756.]  The  Reverend  Mr.  Slaugh 
ter  in  his  Life  of  Colonel  Fry,  says  Dr.  Craik  attended 
him  in  his  last  illness.  Upon  his  return  to  Will's 
creek  with  the  troops  after  the  capitulation  of  Fort 
Necessity,  he  was  stationed  at  Winchester  where  he 
also  engaged  in  private  practice.  The  next  year  he 
marched  with  the  Virginia  regiment  in  the  Braddock 
Expedition,  and  again  on  his  return  practiced  at 
Winchester.  From  there  he  removed  to  a  plantation 
he  purchased  below  Alexandria  in  Maryland.  But 
upon  Washington's  suggestion  he  located,  about 
the  close  of  the  Revolution,  in  Alexandria,  where  he 
enjoyed  an  extensive  practice  and  was  on  terms  of 
intimate  friendship  with  Washington  to  the  close  of 
the  latter's  life.  In  1760  he  married  Mariamna 
Ewell,  daughter  of  Colonel  Charles  Ewell.  On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Revolution,  he  entered  the 
service  as  Surgeon  and  rose  to  the  first  rank.  In 
1777  he  was  active  in  unveiling  a  conspiracy  to  re 
move  the  Commander-in-Chief.  He  was  made  Di- 
rector-in-Chief  of  the  Military  Hospitals  at  Yorktown 
in  1781.  Toward  the  close  of  his  life  he  spent  much 
of  his  time  on  his  plantation,  "  Vaucluse,"  about  five 
miles  from  Mount  Vernon.  Dr.  Craik  named  one 
of  his  sons  George  Washington.  This  son  studied 
medicine,  but  abandoned  the  practice  to  act  as  private 


26  Washington  s 

secretary  to  President  Washington  during  his  second 
term.  Dr.  Craik  was  remembered  in  affectionate 
terms  by  General  Washington  in  his  will  as  his  "old 
and  intimate  friend,"  and  given  a  chair  and  desk. 

11  This  Swedish  gentleman  is  supposed  to  have 
been  Carolus  Gustavus  de  Spiltdorph.  He  seems  to 
have  been  included  among  Washington's  troops  from 
the  start.  Acting  as  Ensign,  he  was  sent  with  Lieu 
tenant  West  and  a  guard  of  soldiers  to  convey  the 
prisoners  taken  in  the  de  Jumonville  skirmish,  and  was 
then  spoken  of  by  Washington  as  Mr.  Spiltdorph. 
He  was  in  the  battle  of  the  Great  Meadows,  but  is 
not  mentioned  among  the  officers  who  were  thanked 
by  the  House  of  Burgesses.  He  was,  however,  only 
commissioned  Ensign  July  2ist,  1754,  and  October 
29th,  the  same  year,  was  made  Lieutenant.  He 
served  in  this  rank  in  the  Braddock  expedition,  and 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  the  Monongahela. 

We  left  Alexandria  on  Tuesday  Noon  and  pitched 
our  tents  about  four  miles  from  Cameron™  having 
marched  six  miles. 

(From  the  3rd  of  April  to  the  igth  of  said  month13 
this  Journal  only  contains  the  march  of  the  troops, 
and  how  they  were  joined  by  a  detachment  which 
was  brought  by  Captain  Stevens^ 

April  19th  Met  an  Express  who  had  letters  from 
Captain  Trent,  at  the  Ohio,  demanding  a  reinforce 
ment  with  all  speed,  as  he  hourly  expected  a  body  of 
eight  hundred  French.  I  tarried  at  Job  Pear  sail's^ 
for  the  arrival  of  the  troops  when  they  came  the 


Journal.  2  7 

next  day.  When  I  received  the  above  Express,  I 
dispatched  a  Courier  to  Colonel  Fry,  to  give  him 
notice  of  it. 

12  Cameron  was  the  name  of  Mr.  Charles  Broad- 
water's  estate  on   Cameron  run,  near  Alexandria,  in 
Fairfax  county,  Va.     There  is  also  a  Cameron  parish 
in  Loudoun  county,  Va.    The  patent  for  these  lands  was 
granted  in   1720-1.     Mr.  Broadwater  is  recorded  as 
voting  at  an  election  in  Fairfax  county  in  1748.     He 
was  a  Scotchman  and  it  was  understood  gave  his 
estate  the  name  of  the  clan  to  which  his  family  be 
longed.     The  name  has  also  been  given  to  a  consid 
erable  stream  known  as  Cameron  run,  and  to  one  of 
the  chief  streets  in  Alexandria.     In  the  last  century 
there  was  on  the  level  bottom  of  this  estate  a  fine 
race  course,  at  which  parties  owning  racing  stock 
annually  congregated  for  the  test  of  speed.     General 
Washington  in  his  Diaries  records  the  fact  that  he 
attended  races  here  in  1769  and  1770. 

13  This  French  version  of  the  Journal  omits  every 
thing  recorded  in  it  between  the  3rd  and  the*  igth  of 
April,  dismissing  the  subject  with  the  remarks  con 
tained  within  the  brackets.     The  route  marched  over 
by  Colonel   Washington  will    be  given    in   another 
note. 

14  General  Adam  Stephen  was  born  about   1718  in 
the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  died  and  was  buried  on  his 
own  plantation  in  Virginia  in  1791.     His  farm  is  now 
in  part  embraced  within  the  limits  of  the  town  of 
Martinsburg,  Berkeley  county,  Va.     His  will  bears 
date  June  5th,  1791,  and  was  admitted  to  probate  in 
November  following.     As  early  as  1738  he  migrated 
to  what  is  now  Berkeley  county,  and  took  up  large 


2  8  Wash  ingtoris 

bodies  of  fine  land,  deriving  his  title  from  Lord  Fair 
fax.  The  New  York  Magazine  in  noticing  the  death 
of  Adam  Steven,  Esq.,  says  he  was  widely  known 
and  highly  esteemed  for  his  medical  talents,  his 
learning  and  mental  endowments.  [New  York 
Magazine,  August,  1791,  /.  488.]  This  is  the  only 
reference  I  have  seen  to  him  as  a  physician.  He 
had  a  taste  for  military  life  and  served  with  Wash 
ington  in  the  Expedition  of  1754,  joining  him  at 
or  near  Winchester  or  en  route  to  Will's  creek. 
During  the  campaign  he  was  promoted  to  be  Major, 
was  in  the  battle  of  the  Great  Meadows,  and  is 
named  as  of  that  rank  in  the  vote  of  thanks  by  the 
House  of  Burgesses  to  Colonel  Washington  and 
the  officers  under  his  command  for  their  gallant  and 
brave  behavior  in  the  engagement.  After  the  death 
of  Colonel  Fry,  the  resignation  of  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Muse,  and  the  promotion  of  George  Washington  to  be 
Colonel  in  command  of  the  Virginia  regiment,  Major 
Stephen  was  made  Lieutenant-Colonel  with  Andrew 
Lewis  as  Major.  Colonel  Stephen  remained  for  a  time 
with  the  regiment  on  their  return  to  Will's  creek  and 
during  the  fall  recruited  the  regiment.  The  follow 
ing  year  he  went  out  with  the  Virginia  troops  in  the 
Braddock  campaign;  was  in  the  disastrous  battle  of 
the  Monongahela,  and  afterward  was  stationed  for  a 
time  at  Fort  Cumberland.  In  1756,  being  sent  in 
command  of  some  Virginia  troops  against  the  Creek 
Indians  in  South  Carolina,  he  acquitted  himself  with 
much  credit.  Later  in  the  same  year  he  was  placed 
in  command  of  a  detachment  of  troops  to  defend  the 
frontier  of  Virginia.  He  served  as  Lieutenant-Col 
onel  in  command  of  the  regiment  under  Colonel 
Washington  from  1756  to  the  close  of  1758  and  the 
fall  of  Fort  Duquesne.  Colonel  Stephen  petitioned 


Journal.  29 

the  House  of  Burgesses  for  himself  and  the  surviving 
part  of  the  detachment  of  his  regiment  to  be  re- 
embursed  for  the  loss  of  their  arms,  blankets  and 
clothing  on  the  occasion  of  Grant's  defeat  in  the 
skirmish  before  Fort  Duquesne.  Mr.  Withe  from 
the  committee  reported  that  the  allegations  set  forth 
in  the  petition  were  true  and  that  the  surviving  mem 
bers  of  the  regiment  in  that  action  ought  to  be 
allowed  ^"175  for  their  losses.  [See  Journal  House 
of  Burgesses,  March  2otk,  1759.]  In  1764  charges 
were  preferred  by  Thomas  Rutherford  against  Col 
onel  Adam  Stephen  for  a  sort  of  peculation  in  the 
use  of  the  Militia  to  escort  and  guard  wagons  carry 
ing  his  own  personal  property  to  Fort  Cumberland 
and  Fort  Bedford,  outside  the  Colony  of  Virginia. 
He  was  acquitted  of  the  main  charges  and  compli 
mented  for  his  bravery  and  activity,  but  censured  for 
a  breach  of  duty  in  sending  the  Militia  beyond  the 
Province.  \_Journ&l  House  Burgessest  December  i$t/i, 
1764.]  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  Revolutionary 
war,  he  was  commissioned  a  Colonel  of  one  of  the 
Virginia  regiments.  In  September,  1776,  he  was 
made  a  Brigader-General,  and  on  February  i9th,  1 777, 
a  Major-General.  He  served  with  the  main  body  of 
the  army,  enjoyed  the  confidence  of  General  Wash 
ington,  and  was  a  vigilant,  brave;and  efficient  officer; 
but,  yielding  to  the  bad  habit  of  drinking,  was  re 
ported,  court-martialed,  convicted  and  dismissed  from 
the  army.  He  then  retired  to  his  plantation,  where 
he  passed  a  useful  and  honorable  life.  He  did  much 
to  advance  the  interests  of  his  section  of  the  State  in 
the  organization  of  the  new  county  of  Berkeley.  He 
warmly  espoused  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States,  and  in  the  convention  held  for  its 
consideration  made  an  able  speech  in  its  favor. 


30  Washington  s 

15  Job  Pearsal  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  on  the 
south  branch  of  the  Potomac,  at  or  near  the  site  of 
the  present  town  of  Romney.  His  cabin,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  stream,  was  surrounded  by  a  stock 
ade,  which  in  1756  was  enlarged  to  a  garrison  and 
troops  were  stationed  there  by  the  direction  of  Colonel 
Washington.  This  was  on  the  line  of  the  main  road 
between  Winchester,  the  forts  on  Patterson  creek, 
Oldtown  and  Fort  Cumberland.  It  is  presumed  that 
it  was  here  that  the  junction  of  Washington's  forces 
which  composed  the  Virginia  regiment  took  place. 
He  set  out  with  two  companies ;  three  others  joined 
him  en  route  or  were  brought  up  to  him  by  Major 
Muse. 

April  20th  Came  'down  to  Colonel  Cresap's™  to 
order  the  Detachment,  and  on  my  Route,  had  notice 
that  the  Fort  was  taken  by  the  French.  That  news 
was  confirmed  by  Mr  Ward,17  the  Ensign  of  Captain 
Trent,  who  had  been  obliged  to  surrender  to  a  Body 
of  one  thousand  French  and  upwards,  under  the 
Command  of  Captain  Contrecoeur™  who  was  come 
from  Venango™  Presque  Isle(V)  with  sixty  bateaux, 
and  three  hundred  canoes,  and  who  having  planted 
eighteen  pieces  of  Cannon  against  the  Fort,  after 
wards  had  sent  him  a  Summons  to  withdraw.20 

Mr  Ward also  informed  me  that  the  Indians  kept 
steadfastly  attached  to  our  Interest.  He  brought 
two  young  Indian  Men  with  him,  who  were  Mingoes, 

(c)  In  French  the  Peninsula. 


Journal.  3 1 

that  they  might  have  the  Satisfaction  to  see  that  we 
were  marching  with  our  troops  to  their  succor. 


if. 


Colonel  Thomas  Cresap  of  Old  Town,  Mary 
land,  and  the  founder  of  the  Cresap  family  in 
America,  was  born  in  Skipton,  Yorkshire,  England. 
At  the  age  of  15  he  came  to  America,  and  when 
about  30  married  a  Miss  Johnson  at  a  point  now 
known  as  Havre-de-Grace,  Md.,  on  the  Susque- 
hanna.  With  a  desire  to  better  his  condition,  he 
made  a  visit  to  Virginia  and  engaged  to  rent  a  farm 
from  the  Washington  family.  His  wife's  dislike,  how 
ever,  to  remove  so  far,  led  him  to  locate  higher  up 
the  Susquehanna,  where  he  secured  a  tract  of  some 
500  acres  of  good  land  on  the  "  Peach  Bottom," 
and  built  himself  a  small  stone  house. 

His  land  title  from  Maryland,  however,  proved 
defective,  Pennsylvania  asserting  and  maintaining 
her  claims,  to  which,  after  much  litigation,  he  was 
obliged  to  submit.  From  there  he  removed  to  a 
tract  of  some  1,400  acres  of  fine  land  on  the  Antie- 
tam  creek,  called  "  Long  Meadows,"  in  what  is  now 
Washington  county,  Md.,  which  he  improved,  and 
then  began  to  trade  with  the  Indians.  He  borrowed 
^500  from  Mr.  Dulany  to  invest  in  furs  and  skins, 
which  he  shipped  to  England,  but,  unfortunately, 
the  ship  was  captured  by  the  French  and  his  whole 
fortune  sunk.  To  repay  the  money  borrowed  of 
Mr.  Dulany  he  transferred  to  the  latter  his  farm, 
and  himself  removed  to  a  more  western  venture,  at 
"  Old  Town,"  in  Maryland/nearly  opposite  the  mouth 
of  the  south  branch  of  the  Potomac.  Here  he  ac 
quired  a  large  body  of  land  on  both  sides  of  the  river, 
calling  it  at  first  "  Skipton,"  for  his  native  town,  and 
conducted  a  profitable  trade  with  the  Indians.  He  had 


3  2  Wash  tngtoris 

become  familiar  with  the  art  of  surveying  and  held 
a  commission  to  survey  from  Prince  George's  county, 
Md.,  which  now  included  the  whole  of  the  western 
part  of  the  State.  With  the  aid  of  a  noted  Indian, 
named  Nemacolin,  he  marked  the  line  for  the  first  road 
for  the  "  Ohio  Company  "  across  the  Alleghany  Moun 
tains.  He  was  well  established  at  the  "  Shawanese 
Old  Town,"  where  the  project  of  organizing  "  the 
Ohio  Company  "  was  devised.  He  became  one  of  the 
most  valued  members  with  Lawrence  and  Augustine 
Washington  and  others  as  proprietors.  This  com 
pany  prospered  for  a  time  and  was  one  of  the  chief 
agents  which  brought  about  the  expulsion  of  the 
French  from  the  Ohio  and  the  lakes,  trained  the 
Colonies  to  arms  and  generalship,  and  finally  wrought 
the  independence  of  America.  Colonel  Cresap  did 
much  surveying  for  his  section;  in  1749  he  surveyed 
Walnut  Bottoms,  just  below  the  mouth  of  Will's 
creek,  for  Governor  Bladen  of  Maryland.  He  was 
frequently  called  upon  by  his  county  to  represent  it 
in  the  Legislature  and  was  reported  one  of  the  best 
members  in  that  body.  He  was  twice  married  ;  the 
second  time  at  the  age  of  80.  By  his  first  wife  he 
had  five  children  —  three  sons  and  two  daughters. 
He  understood  the  habits  of  the  Indians,  spoke  their 
language  and  was  popular  with  then.  He  lived  to 
the  exceptional  age  of  105  and  died  highly  respected. 
\_Jacobs  Life  of  Captain  Michael  Cresap  and  other 
sources^ 

17  Ensign,  afterward  Major  Edward  Ward,  was  an 
officer  of  Captain  Trent's  company,  which  was  ordered 
by  Governor  Dinwiddie  to  protect  the  "  Ohio  Com 
pany"  and  assist  them  in  constructing  a  fort  at  the 
forks  of  the  Ohio,  now  Pittsburg,  in  the  spring  of 
1754.  A  small  force  was  enlisted  and  work  begun 


Journal.  33 

in  accordance  with  the  Governor's  instructions.  On 
the  1 7th  of  April,  1754,  in  the  absence  of  Captain 
Trent  and  Lieutenant  Frazier,  Ensign  Ward  was 
summoned  by  a  superior  French  force  under  Captain 
Contrecceur  to  evacuate  the  works  and  depart.  This 
order  he  was  obliged  to  obey.  He  arrived,  at  Will's 
creek  with  his  men  on  the  22d  April,  where  Lieuten 
ant-Colonel  Washington  met  him  and  learned  from 
him  all  the  particulars  of  the  surrender.  This  infor 
mation  induced  Lieutenant-Colonel  Washington  to 
call  a  council  of  war  on  the  23d  to  determine  what 
course  to  pursue  under  all  the  circumstances.  The 
result  of  this  conference,  together  with  a  letter, 
Ensign  Ward  bore  to  Williamsburg  to  Governor 
Dinwiddie,  who  was  greatly  irritated  by  the  news, 
and  in  a  letter  to  Colonel  Fry  in  May,  1754,  uses  the 
following  language:  "  I  am  advised  that  Captain 
Trent,  and  his  Lieutenant,  Frasier,  have  been  long 
absent  from  their  duty,  leaving  Ensign  Ward  with 
ab't  23  men  to  guard  the  workmen  whilst  preparing 
materials  to  erect  the  fort  begun  and  [who  was] 
obliged  to  surrender  on  the  summons  of  a  French 
Com'd'r,  which  conduct  and  behavior  I  require  and 
expect  you  will  inquire  into  at  a  Court-Martial  and 
give  sentence  accordingly." 

18  Captain  M.  de  Contrecceur,  belonging  to  the 
French  military  forces  in  Canada,  was  sent  early  in 
the  spring  of  1754  to  construct  a  fort  at  the  forks  of 
the  Monongahela  and  the  Allegheny  rivers.  When 
he  arrived,  he  found  a  small  force  at  work,  under 
Ensign  Ward,  erecting  a  fort  for  the  English.  Cap 
tain  Contrecceur  at  once  invested  the  place  and  sum 
moned  Ward  to  surrender  possession  and  depart. 
This  he  was  obliged  to  do  April  i  7th,  1754.  Captain 
Contrecceur  continued  the  work  and  named  it,  when 


34  Washington's 

completed,  Fort  Duquesne.  June  23d,  he  sent  out 
Ensign  de  Jumonville  and  a  small  force  with  instruc 
tions  to  reconnoiter  the  region  as  far  as  the  crest  of  the 
Allegheny  Mountains,  and  to  serve  a  summons  upon 
any  English  forces  he  should  meet  to  quit  the  terri 
tory  of  the  French.  This  party  was  encountered  by 
Colonel  Washington  June  28th,  a  skirmish  ensued 
and  de  Jumonville  was  killed.  Captain  de  Contrecceur 
was  in  command  at  Fort  Duquesne  at  the  time  of 
Braddock's  defeat.  He  was  a  capable  officer  and 
full  of  zeal  for  his  king. 

19  Venango  is  the  name  of  an  Indian  town   at  the 
mouth  of    French  creek,  where  it  enters  the  Alle 
gheny  river.     Here  the  French  in    1751   or '52  con 
structed  a  fort  and  trading  post,  which  was  destroyed 
in  August,  1759,  and  then  occupied  as  a  British  post. 
It  is  now  the  site  of  the  town  of  Franklin,  the  capital 
of  Venango  county,  Pa. 

20  "  A  summons  sent  by  order  of  M.  de  Contrecceur, 
captain  of  one  of  the  Independent  Companies  of  the 
detachment  of   Marines,  Commander-in-Chief  of  his 
Christian  Majesty's  troops  now  at  the  Ohio,  to  the 
Commander  of  those  troops  belonging  to  the  King  of 
Great  Britain,  whereof  M.  le  Mercier  was  Bearer,  the 
i6th  of  April,  1754: 

"  Nothing  can  surprise  me  more  than  to  see  you  thus 
attempt  to  settle  on  the  territories  of  the  King  my 
Master;  'tis  that  which  obliges  me  this  Day  to  send 
you  M.  Le  Mercier,  Captain  of  the  Cannoneers,  and 
Commander  of  the  Artillery  in  Canada,  that  he  may 
know,  Sir,  from  yourself,  by  virtue  of  what  orders 
you  are  erecting  Forts  on  the  Territories  of  the  King 
my  Master.  This  Motion  appears  to  me  so  contrary 
to  the  last  treaty  of  Peace  concluded  at  Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle,  between  his  most  Christian  Majesty,  and  his 


Journal.  35 

Majesty  the  King  of  Great  Britain,  that  I  know  not 
to  whom  I  shall  impute  such  usurpation  ;  since  those 
Lands  which  are  situated  along  the  river  Ohio,  be 
yond  all  dispute  belong  to  the  most  Christian  King. 

"  I  am  certainly  informed,  Sir,  that  your  schemes 
are  contrived  only  by  a  company  who  hath  the  in 
terest  of  trade  more  in  view  than  to  maintain  the 
Union  and  Harmony  existing  between  the  crowns  of 
Great  Britain  and  France  ;  though,  sir,  the  Main- 
tainance  thereof,  may  be  as  advantageous  to  your 
nation  as  to  ours. 

"  However,  sir,  if  you  come  vested  with  any  orders 
to  this  place,  I  summons  you  from  the  King  my 
Master,  by  virtue  of  the  orders  which  I  have  from 
my  General,  peaceably  to  withdraw  yourself,  and 
your  troops,  from  the  King's  territories  ;  if  not,  I 
shall  be  under  the  necessity,  for  the  performance  of 
my  duty,  to  oblige  you  thereto.  I  hope,  sir,  you  will 
not  prolong  the  time,  and  thereby  force  me  to  Ex 
tremes.  You  may,  sir,  in  that  case,  be  fully  per 
suaded,  I  shall  give  such  orders  to  my  Detachment, 
that  you  shall  receive  no  damage  thereby. 

"Sir,  I  give  you  notice  now,  that  it  will  be  to  no 
purpose  to  demand  one  hour's  Delay,  or  to  expect  I 
shall  consent  to  your  stay,  until  you  receive  Orders 
from  your  Governor,  for  none  he  can  give  upon  the 
Lands  of  the  King  my  Master.  The  orders  I  have 
received  from  my  General  are  a  Law  to  me ;  there 
fore,  sir,  I  cannot  go  from  them. 

"  But  if,  on  the  Contrary,  you  have  no  orders  ;  if 
you  are  only  come  here  to  trade,  I  am  sorry  to  in 
form  you  that  I  am  obliged  to  seize  your  person,  and 
confiscate  your  effects  to  the  use  of  the  Indians,  who 
are  our  children,  our  allies,  and  our  friends,  as  you 
are  not  permitted  to  follow  any  illicite  Trade. 


3  6  Washingtons 

"  It  was  for  that  very  reason,  sir,  that  two  English 
men  were  by  us  arrested  last  year  for  trading  on  our 
Lands.  Furthermore,  the  King  my  Master  demands 
only  what  is  his  right.  His  intentions  are  not  to 
interrupt  that  good  Harmony  and  Friendship  sub 
sisting  between  his  Majesty  and  the  King  of  Great 
Britain.  The  General  of  Canada  can  give  proofs  in 
what  Manner  he  concurreth  to  keep  up  the  Union 
existing  between  the  two  Princes ;  for  having  been 
informed  that  some  Indians  of  the  Six  Nations,  in 
company  with  some  Nepissengues,  from  the  Lake  of 
the  two  Mountains,  had  fallen  upon,  and  destroyed 
an  English  Family  towards  Carolina,  he  stopped  their 
Passage,  and  obliged  them  to  deliver  him  up  a  little 
boy  belonging  to  that  Family,  and  who  was  the  only 
one  left  alive ;  he  was  brought  back  to  Boston,  by 
Mr  Ulerich,  who  was  then  upon  some  Negotiation  at 
Montrial. 

"  Moreover,  he  has  strictly  forbidden  all  Indians 
to  exercise  their  usual  Cruelties  on  those  English 
who  are  our  friends.  I  could  complain,  sir,  of  the 
many  Solicitations  you  have  made  last  year  to  the 
Indians,  to  take  up  the  Hatchet  against  us,  whilst  we 
were  busy  in  maintaining  Peace. 

"  Sir,  I  am  persuaded  that  you  will  receive  M  le 
Mercier,  in  a  polite  manner,  on  account  of  his  Com 
mission,  as  also  of  his  Distinction  and  personal  merit ; 
and  I  expect  you  will  send  him  back  to  me  with  one 
of  your  officers,  who  will  bring  me  an  exact  answer, 
signed  by  yourself.  As  you  have  Indians  with  you, 
I  send  an  Interpreter  with  M.  le  Mercier,  that  he  may 
acquaint  them  with  my  intentions  on  their  account. 

I  am,  &c., 

(Signed)  CONTRECOEUR 
Done  at  Our  Camp,  the  i6th  of  April,  1754. 


Journal.  3  7 


\_From  "  Memoir  e  contenant  le  Precis  des  Facts, 
Translated  and  printed  by  Gaine,  N.  K,  1757,  p.  65.] 


He  also  delivered  me  the  following  speech  which 
the  Half  King  sent  to  me.(V)21 

Fort  on  Ohio,  April  i8th,  1754. 

A  speech  from  the  Half-King,  Scruneyattha,a*  and 
belt  of  wampum,  for  the  Governors  of  Virginia  and 
Pennsylvania. 

My  Brethren  the  English.  The  Bearer  will  let 
you  understand  in  what  manner  the  French  have 
treated  us.  We  waited  a  long  time,  thinking  they 
would  come  and  attack  us  ;  we  now  see  how  they 
have  a  mind  to  use  us.(^) 

21  Half-King  was  one  of  the  titles  of  Tenacharison, 
a  chief  of  the  Senecas,  or  Mingoes,  as  the  English 
traders  called  them,  who  was  also  spoken  of  as  "  the 
old  King."  He  was  an  astute  diplomatist,  a  brave 
warrior,  had  great  influence  among  his  people  and 
was  devoted  to  English  interests.  Frequently  con 
sulted  by  Washington,  he  was  with  the  party  that 
attacked  de  Jumonville  and  was  credited,  in  certain 
quarters,  with  having  slain  that  French  officer  with 
his  hatchet ;  but  this  was  without  any  foundation  in 
fact.  He  was  very  proud  of  the  name  "  Dinwiddie" 
conferred  on  him  by  Colonel  Washington  in  recog- 

(d)  This  Half  King  was  an  Indian  chief  to  whom  the  English  had  given  the  title,  and 
whom  they  had  greatly  excited  against  the  French. 

(e)  Behold  here  is  a  confession  of  the  goodness  with  which  the  French  had  treated  the 
Indians  which  had  revolted.    Those  Indians  expected  to  be  pursued;  surprised  at  the 
indulgence  of  the  French  they  propose  to  attack   them  themselves  and   acquaint  the 
English  of  their  resolution . 


3  8  Wash  ingtons 

nition  of  his  services.  As  a  part  of  the  ceremony  of 
investing  him  with  this  name,  he  was  decorated  with 
a  medal  sent  by  the  Governor  to  the  commander  of 
the  forces  to  be  given  to  those  Indians  who  were 
loyal  to  the  English.  When  Washington  first  visited 
the  Ohio  in  1753,  the  Half-King  had  his  hunting- 
cabin  on  Little  Beaver  creek  near  the  dividing  line 
between  the  present  States  of  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio. 
He  died  October  4th,  1756,  at  Aughquick,  Pa.,  where 
he  was  residing  with  his  family  as  wards  of  that 
Colony.  \Brock  in  Dinwiddie  Papers,  voL  i,  p.  148.] 
22  Scruneyattha,  an  Indian  chief  who  also  had  the 
title  of  King  or  Half-King. 

We  are  now  ready  to  fall  upon  them,  waiting  only 
for  your  succor.  Have  good  courage,  and  come  as 
soon  as  possible;  you  will  find  us  as  ready  to  encounter 
with  them  as  you  are  yourselves. 

We  have  sent  those  two  young  men  to  see  if  you 
are  ready  to  come,  and  if  so  they  are  to  return  to  us 
to  let  us  know  where  you  are,  that  we  may  come  and 
join  you.  We  should  be  glad  if  the  troops  belong 
ing  to  the  two  Provinces  could  meet  together  at  the 
Fort  which  is  in  the  way.  If  you  do  not  come  to 
our  assistance  now,  we  are  entirely  undone,  and 
imagine  we  shall  never  meet  together  again.  I  speak 
with  a  heart  full  of  grief. 

A  Belt  of  Wampum. 

The  Half-King  directed  to  me  the  following 
speech.  "  I  am  ready,  if  you  think  it  proper,  to  go 


Journal.  39 

to  both  the  Governors,  with  these  two  young  men, 
for  I  have  now  no  more  dependence  on  those  who 
have  been  gone  so  long,  without  returning  or  send 
ing  any  message." 

A  Belt  of  Wampum. 

April  23rd.  A  COUNCIL  of  WAR  held  at  Will's 
Creek™  in  order  to  consult  upon  what  must  be  done 
on  account  of  the  news  brought  by  Mr  Ward. 

The  News  brought  by  Ensign  Ward  having  been 
examined  into,  as  also  the  summons  sent  by  Captain 
Contrecoeur  Commander  of  the  French  troops  and 
the  speeches  of  the  Half-King,  and  of  the  other 
chiefs  of  the  Six-Nations ;  it  appears,  that  Mr  Ward, 
was  forced  to  surrender  the  said  Fort,  the  1 7th  of 
this  instant  to  the  French,  who  were  above  one  thou 
sand  strong  and  had  eighteen  artillery  pieces,  some 
of  which  were  nine  pounders(/")  and  also  that  the 
detachment  of  the  Virginia  regiment,  amounting  to 
one  hundred  and  fifty  men  commanded  by  Colonel 
Washington  had  orders  to  reinforce  the  Company  of 
Captain  Trent,  and  that  the  aforesaid  Garrison  con 
sisted  only  of  thirty-three  effective  men.34 

^Will's  creek  derived  its  name  from  an  Indian  liv 
ing  at  the  confluence  of  the  North  branch  of  the 

(f)  Captain    Trent  and   Ensign   Ward  had  greatly  exaggerated  the  French  forces. 
Which  is  natural   common  enough  for  people  to  do  who  abandon  their  fort  at  a  bare 


summons. 


40  Waskingtoris 

Potomac  and  that  creek,  the  present  site  of  the  city 
of  Cumberland,  Md.  The  name  Will  was  given  to 
the  Indian  by  the  Whites.  And  in  time,  as  a  matter 
of  convenience,  it  came  to  be  applied  not  only  to  this 
stream,  but  also  to  an  adjacent  mountain.  The  deep 
cut  made  by  Will's  creek  through  a  detached  range 
of  the  Alleghany,  locally  known  as  Savage  Mountain, 
forming  with  the  main  range  the  divide  between  the 
head  springs  of  the  Potomac  and  the  Youghiogeny 
river,  a  tributary  of  the  Monongahela,  made  this  the 
favorite  Indian  trail  across  the  mountains;  and,  in  a 
great  measure,  it  has  continued  to  be  the  route  taken 
between  the  Potomac  river  and  the  head  waters  of 
the  Ohio  by  all  modern  improved  roads,  to  the  present 
time. 

^COMMISSION  OF  CAPTAIN  WILLIAM 
TRENT. 

"  Rofft  Dinwiddie  Esqr  His  Majesty's  Ut  Govr 
Comd'r  in  Chief  and  Vice  Admiral  of  his  Colony 
and  Domn  of  Virg  'a  — 

"  To  WM.  TRENT,  ESQ'R  : 

"  Whereas  certain  Persons  pretending  to  be  Sub 
jects  of  his  most  X'n  Majesty  of  the  King  of  France, 
and  that  they  act  by  his  Como.  have  in  a  hostile 
Manner  invaded  the  Territories  of  our  Sovereign 
His  M'y  King  George  the  2d,  King  of  Great  B.  &c. 
and  have  comitted  divers  Outrages  and  Violence  on 
the  Persons  and  Goods  of  His  M'y's  Subjects,  in 
direct  violation  and  infract'n  of  the  Treaties  at  present 
subsisting  between  the  two  Crowns,  and  Whereas 
these  Acts  of  hostility  and  depredations  have  been 
perpetrated  in  that  Part  of  His  Majesty's  Dom's 
w'ch  are  under  my  Gov't ;  In  order  therefore  to  the 


Journal.  41 

Preservation  of  the  Peace  and  Good  understanding 
between  the  two  Crowns  and  the  Preservation  of 
our  Sovereign's  undoubted  rights  and  the  Protection 
of  his  Subjects  as  much  as  in  me  lies,  I  have  thought 
fit  to  appoint  and  by  Virtue  of  the  Power  and  Au 
thority  to  me  given  as  Com'd'r  in  Chief  of  this  Col 
ony,  I  do  hereby  constitute  and  appoint  You  Wm. 
Trent  Esq'r  to  be  Com'd'r  of  such  and  so  many  of 
His  M'y's  Subjects  not  exceeding  100  Men  as  You 
can  immediately  raise  and  enlist,  and  with  the  s'd 
Comp'a  and  the  Assistance  of  our  good  and  faithful 
Friends  and  Allies  the  Ind's  of  the  Six  Nat's  and 
such  others  as  are  in  Amity  with  them  and  Us,  to 
keep  Possession  of  His  M'y's  Lands  on  the  Ohio 
and  the  Waters  thereof  and  to  dislodge  and  drive 
away,  and  in  case  of  refusal  and  resistance  to  kill 
and  destroy  or  take  Prisoners  all  and  every  Person 
and  Persons  not  Subjects  of  the  King  of  G.  B.  who 
now  are  or  shall  hereafter  come  to  settle  and  take 
Possess'n  of  any  Lands  on  said  River  Ohio,  or  on 
any  of  the  Branches  or  Waters  thereof.  And  I  do 
hereby  require  the  s'd  Men  who  shall  so  enlist  them 

selves  and  every of  them  to  obey  You  as  their 

Com'd'r  and  Capt'n  &c.  and  You  are  to  constitute 
such  and  so  many  Officers  under  You  as  the  Service 
shall  require,  not  exceeding  i  Capt.  and  i  Lieut't. 

"  Given  under  my  Hand  and  the  Seal  of  the  Col 
ony  at  W'msburg  the  —  Day  of  Jan'y  in  the  27  Year 
of  His  M'y's  Reign,  annoq  Dom.  1754."  \JDinwiddie 
Papers,  vol.  i,/.  56.] 

It  was  thought  a  thing  impracticable  to  march  to 
wards  the  Fort  without  sufficient  strength  ;  however, 
being  strongly  invited  by  the  Indians,  and  particularly 


42  Washington  s 

by  the  speeches  of  the  Half-King,  the  president  put 
the  question  to  vote  whether  we  should  not  advance, 
as  far  as  Red-Stone  Creek  35  on  Monongahela™  about 
thirty-seven  miles  on  this  side  of  the  fort,  and  there 
to  erect  a  fortification,  clearing  a  road  broad  enough 
to  pass  with  all  our  artillery  and  our  baggage,  and 
there  to  wait  for  fresh  Orders. 

25  Red  Stone  creek  is  a  tributary  of  the  Monon- 
gahela  river.     As  early  as  1752  the  Ohio  Company 
had  erected  a  store-house  and  trading  post  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  river.   The  improvement,  known  as 
the  "  Hangard,"  was  near  the  mouth  of  this  creek. 
The  place  is  occasionally  referred  to  as  "  Redstone 
Old   Fort,"  as  "  Monongahela "  and  also  as  "Fort 
Burd"  or  "  Byrd."    The  present  town  of  Brownsville 
occupies  the  site  of   Burd's  Fort,   which   is   at  the 
mouth  of  Nemacolin's  or  Dunlap's  creek,  a  little  over 
a  mile  above  the  mouth  of  Redstone  creek.     But  the 
name  Redstone  was  applied  not  only  to  the  creek, 
but  also  to  the  region,   and    included  the   Dunlap 
Creek  settlement.     The  forts,  however,  were  distinct 
and  over  a  mile  apart. 

26  Monongahela  river   rises   in   Randolph    county, 
West  Virginia.     Its  head  springs  in  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,  interlock  with  the  sources  of  the  Great 
Kanawha.     This  river  flows  in  a  northerly  direction 
for  nearly   200  miles,  until  by  its   union   with  the 
Alleghany  at  Pittsburg,  it  forms  the  Ohio  river.     In 
early  times,  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year,  it  was 
navigable   for  light  bateaux  and    Indian   canoes  to 
a  distance  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  above  its 
mouth. 


Journal.  43 

The  proposition  aforesaid  was  adopted  for  the 
following  reasons  ; 

\st.  That  the  mouth  of  Red-Stone  is  the  first  con 
venient  place  on  the  River  Monongahela. 

2nd.  The  stores  are  already  built  at  that  place 
for  the  provisions  of  the  Company,27  wherein  our 
Ammunition  may  be  laid  up,  our  great  guns  may  be 
also  sent  by  water  whenever  we  shall  think  it  con 
venient  to  attack  the  Fort. 

27 "  The  Ohio  Company  "  was  chartered  by  the  British 
government  in  1 749,  with  a  grant  of  500,000  acres  of 
land,  to  be  located  west  of  the  Alleghanies,  on  con 
dition  of  settling  within  seven  years  100  families, 
the  purpose  being  to  make  settlements  and  to  con 
duct  trade  with  the  Indians  on  the  Ohio,  and  to 
check  French  domination  among  the  Indians.  This 
company  exercised  great  influence  in  the  early  settle 
ments  about  Will's  creek  and  the  head  waters  of  the 
Ohio  river,  and  as  early  as  1 749  their  agents  explored 
the  country  and  selected  sites  for  forts  and  trading 
houses.  Their  agents  were  discreet  and  experienced 
woodsmen  and  hunters,  acquainted  with  the  habits 
and  best  methods  of  dealing  with  the  natives.  As 
early  as  1 749  the  company  had  a  store  house  at  Will's 
creek,  well  stocked  for  a  frontier  and  Indian  trade; 
and  by  1752  another  such  house  at  Red-Stone  Old 
Fort,  which  Villiers,  the  French  Commander,  in 
his  Journal  of  operations  in  that  region  in  1754  de 
scribed  as  follows:  "  June  3oth.  Came  to  the  Han- 
gard,  which  was  a  sort  of  a  fort  built  with  Logs,  one 
upon  another,  well  notched  in,  about  30  foot  in  length, 


44  Washingtoris 

and  20  in  breadth,  and  as  it  was  late,  and  would  not 
do  anything  without  consulting  the  Indians,  I  en 
camped  about  two  Musket  shots  from  the  place." 
The  company  was  limited  as  to  numbers  and  means, 
but  was  composed  of  energetic  and  capable  business 
men  resident  in  Virginia,  Maryland  and  Great  Britain. 
Among  them  were  Thomas  Lee,  George  Mason,  Esq., 
John  Mercer,  Augustine  and  Lawrence  Washington, 
John  Hanbury,  Thomas  Cresap,  Robert  Dinwiddie 
and  others.  [For  fuller  sketch  of,  see  My  Journey 
over  the  Mountains,  p.  64.] 


$rd.  We  may  easily  (having  all  these  conven 
iences)  preserve  our  men  from  the  ill  consequences 
of  inaction,  and  encourage  the  Indians  our  Allies,  to 
remain  in  our  interests.  Whereupon  I  sent  Mr. 
Ward  to  the  Governor^),  with  one  of  the  young 
Indians  and  an  interpreter  :  I  though  it  proper  also 
to  acquaint  the  Governors  of  Maryland  and  Pennsyl 
vania28  of  the  news  ;  and  I  sent  away  the  other  Indian 
to  the  Half-King,  with  the  speeches  enclosed  in  the 
following  letter. 

28  Robert  Dinwiddie,  Governor  of  Virginia  No 
vember  20th,  1751-1757. 

Horatio  Sharp,  Governor  of  Maryland  August  loth, 
1753-1769. 

James  Hamilton,  Governor  of  Pennsylvania  1748- 

1/54- 

(g)  The  Governor  of  Virginia  is  here  understoood. 


Journal.  45 

To    the    Honorable    Robert    Dinwiddie    Esq.    Gov 
ernor  &c® 
SIR, 

Mr.  Ward,  an  Ensign  of  Captain  Trent's  Company 
is  this  day  come  from  Forks  of  Monongahela  and 
has  brought  the  sorrowful  news  of  the  surrender  of 
the  Fort  on  the  1 7th  of  this  instant ;  having  been 
summoned  by  Captain  Contrecceur  to  surrender  to  a 
body  of  French  troops  who  were  a  thousand  strong 
who  came  from  Venango  with  eighteen  pieces  of 
cannon,  sixty  bateaux  and  three  hundred  canoes, 
they  permitted  all  our  men  to  retire,  and  take  with 
them  their  working-tools  out  of  the  Fort,  which  was 
done  the  same  day. 

29  This  letter  of  Washington's  to  Governor  Din 
widdie,  or  what  purports  to  be  the  same,  is  given  by 
Sparks  with  the  date  April  25th,  1754.  Neither  the 
original  nor  a  transcript  of  it,  has  been  found  by  the 
editor,  but  from  the  opening  sentence  he  is  led  to 
surmise  that  it  has  been  given  a  false  date.  It  is  of 
record  that  Ensign  Ward  arrived  on  the  22d  at 
Will's  creek  and  reported  to  Washington,  who  there 
upon  called  a  council  of  war  which  was  held  on  the 
23d,  making  it  probable  that  the  date  should  be  23d 
April,  1 754.  Washington's  letter  to  Governor  Sharp 
of  Maryland,  giving  him  practically  the  same  infor 
mation,  bears  date  April  24th,  and  it  is  not  at  all 
likely  that  Washington  wrote  to  the  Governor  of 
Maryland  before  he  did  to  the  Governor  of  Virginia. 
The  letter,  as  printed  by  Sparks,  bears  evidence  of 


46  Washington  s 

being  a  compound  of  several  letters  and  contains 
matter  occurring  from  the  22d  up  to  the  27th  of  April. 

Upon  receiving  this  news,  I  called  a  council  of 
war,  in  order  to  consult  what  was  the  best  to  be  done 
in  such  circumstances;  and  have  sent  you  a  particular 
account  of  every  thing  agreed  upon  at  the  said  coun 
cil  by  the  same  express,  that  you  may  know  things 
yet  more  particularly. 

Mr.  Ward  is  the  bearer  of  the  summons  as  also  of 
the  speech  from  the  half-king,  wherein  I  enclosed  the 
wampum  ;  he  is  in  company  with  one  of  those  In 
dians  mentioned  in  the  speech,  who  had  been  sent  to 
see  our  forces,  and  to  know  what  time  they  might 
expect  us;  the  other  Indian  I  have  sent  back  with  a 
message.  I  hope  you  will  feel  the  absolute  necessity 
of  sending  us  our  forces  as  soon  as  they  are  raised, 
as  also  a  sufficient  number  of  canoes,  and  other 
boats  that  can  carry  burden  ;  send  us  also  some 
mortar-pieces,  that  we  may  be  in  a  condition  to  at 
tack  the  French  with  equal  forces. 

And  as  we  are  informed  that  the  Indians  of  the 
Six  Nations,  and  the  Ottowas  are  coming  down 
Sciodo-Creetf®  in  order  to  join  the  French  who  are  to 
meet  at  the  Ohio ;  so  I  think  it  would  not  be  amiss 
to  invite  the  Cherokees,  Catawbas,  and  the  Chickasaws 
to  come  to  our  assistance ;  as  I  have  received  intel- 


Journal.  47 

ligence,  that  there  is  no  good  understanding  between 
them  and  the  Indians  of  the  Six  Nations  aforesaid, 
should  you  do  so,  it  would  be  well  to  have  them 
brought  here  in  good  order,  that  they  might  be  per 
suaded  to  make  a  peace  with  the  Six  Nations ; 
otherwise  if  they  should  meet  at  the  Ohio,  it  might 
cause  great  disorder  and  turn  out  to  our  disadvantage. 
We  find  the  great  advantage  there  is  in  water-car 
riage,  wherefore,  I  would  remind  you  to  provide  a 
number  of  boats  for  the  purpose. 

This  day,  arrived  the  men  belonging  to  Captain 
Trent,  who  by  your  Orders  had  been  enlisted  as 
Militia  Troops ;  the  officers  having  imprudently 
promised  them  two  shillings  per  day,  they  now  refuse 
to  serve  for  less  pay.31  Ward  shall  receive  your 
Orders  on  that  head. 

30  The  Scioto  river  rises  in  the  central   or  a  little 
north  of  the  central  part  of  the  State  of  Ohio   and 
flows  in  nearly  a  southerly  course  to  the  Ohio  river, 
at  the  mouth  of  which  the  Shawanese  Indians  had  a 
town,  now  the  site  of  the  city  of  Portsmouth,  Ohio. 

31  It  would  seem  that  the  pay  promised  the  men 
enlisted  by  Captain  Trent  was  higher  than  that  pro 
vided  for  by  Act  of  Assembly.      His  enlistments  were 
to  be  made  on  the  western  side   of  the   mountains. 
Most,  if  not  all,  of  his  men  had  been  in  the  service  of 
"  the  Ohio  Company."    They  were,  at  best,  a  hetero 
geneous  set  of  frontier  traders,  trappers  and  adven 
turers,  all  very  impatient  of  restraint.     The  Captain, 


48  Washington  s 

himself,  was  more  of  a  trader  than  a  soldier  accus 
tomed  to  order  and  discipline,  so  that  his  men  had 
learned  but  little  of  the  manual  of  arms  or  how  to 
submit  to  authority  and  be  serviceable  as  soldiers. 
Those  men  who  came  with  Ensign  Ward  to  Will's 
creek  were  found  by  Washington  to  be  intractable 
and  were  directed  to  camp  at  the  New  Store  at  Will's 
creek  and  there  await  orders  from  Governor  Dinwid- 
die.  But  they  soon  after  dispersed  without  authority. 
Neither  the  officers  nor  men  were  included  with  those 
who  received  land  and  bounty  under  the  Governor's 
proclamation  for  enlisting  in  the  Expedition  of  1754. 
It  is  probable  that  Trent's  company  were  soldiers  in 
the  service  of  Virginia  chiefly  for  diplomatic  reasons, 
but  on  a  different  basis  from  that  of  the  Virginia 
regiment.  They  received  some  pay  guaranteed  by 
the  Governor  and  were  at  the  same  time  under  pay 
of  u  the  Ohio  Company."  The  exact  status  and 
agreement  between  the  company  and  the  province  is 
not  clear  to  the  writer.  \Washingtons  letter  to 
Gov.  Dinwiddie,  May  i8M,  1754.] 

To  his  Excellency  Horatio  Sharp,  Governor  of 
Maryland®1 

SIR, 

I  have  arrived  here  with  a  detachment  of  One 
hundred  and  Fifty  men.  We  daily  expect  Colonel 
Fry  with  the  remaining  part  of  the  regiment  and  the 
artillery ;  however,  we  shall  march  quietly  across  the 
Mountains,  clearing  the  roads  as  we  go(^),  that  our 

(ft)  How  can  the  English  say  that  country  was  their' s.    They  had  not  one  road  leading  to 
it  from  their  colonies. 


Journal.  49 

cannon  may,  with  the  greater  ease,  be  sent  after  us; 
we  proposed  to  go  as  far  as  Red-Stone  Creek,  which 
falls  into  the  Monongahela,  about  thirty-seven  miles 
this  side  of  the  Fort  which  the  French  have  taken, 
from  thence  all  our  heavy  Luggage  may  be  carried 
as  far  as  the  Ohio.  A  store  is  built  there  by  "  the 
Ohio  Company,"  wherein  may  be  placed  our  ammu 
nition  and  provisions. 

32 Governor  Horatio  Sharp,  of  Maryland,  who  was 
appointed  by  the  Crown  to  be  the  Executive  of  that 
State,  arrived  at  his  post  August  loth,  1753,  and 
served  until  1769.  He  had  held  the  appointment  of 
Lieutenant-Colonel,  a  local  office,  in  the  British  West 
Indies,  but  had  seen  no  active  military  service.  He 
was  a  man  of  culture  and  integrity,  but  with  limited 
capacity  for  the  management  of  military  and  colonial 
affairs.  His  letter-book  of  official  correspondence 
is  preserved  in  the  Historical  Society  of  Maryland, 
and  has  been  largely  printed  in  the  Maryland 
Archives.  It  is  presumed  that  the  letter  from 
Washington  to  him  of  the  24th  of  April,  1 754,  may 
likewise  be  preserved  in  these  Archives.  The  simi 
larity  of  this  letter  given  in  the  Journal  to  the  one 
printed  in  the  Baltimore  Repository  for  March,  1811, 
and  reprinted  in  the  American  Magazine  of  History 
February,  1881,  suggests  that  they  are  practically  the 
same. 

Besides  the  French  forces   above  mentioned  we 
have  reason  to  believe,  according  to  the  accounts  we 
have  heard,  that   another    Party  is  coming   to  the 
7 


50  Washington  s 

Ohio;  we  have  also  learnt  that  six  hundred  of  the 
Chippeways  and  Ollowais  Indians,  are  coming  down 
the  River  Scioto  in  order  to  join  them. 

The  following  is  my  answer  to  the  speech  of  the 
Half-King. 

"  To  the  Half-King,  and  the  Chiefs  and  Warriors 
of  the  Shawanese  and  Loups  our  Friends  and  Brethren. 
I  received  your  speech  by  brother  Bucks  who  came 
to  us  with  the  two  young  men  six  days  after  their 
departure  from  you.  We  return  you  our  greatest 
thanks  and  our  hearts  burn  with  love  and  affection 
towards  you,  in  gratitude  for  your  constant  attach 
ment  to  us,  as  also  your  gracious  speech,  and  your 
wise  counsels. 

This  young  man  will  inform  you,  where  he  found 
a  small  part  of  our  army,  making  towards  you,  clear 
ing  the  roads  for  a  great  number  of  our  warriors, 
who  are  ready  to  follow  us,  with  our  great  guns  our 
ammunition  and  provisions.  I  cannot  delay  letting 
you  know  the  thoughts  of  our  hearts,  I  send  you 
back  this  young  man,  with  this  speech,  to  acquaint 
you  therewith,  and  the  other  young  man  I  have  sent 
to  the  Governor  of  Virginia,  to  deliver  him  your 
speech  and  your  wampum,  and  to  be  an  eye-witness 
of  the  preparations  we  are  making,  to  come  in  all 
haste  to  the  assistance  of  those  whose  interest  is  as 


Journal.  5 1 

dear  to  us  as  our  lives.  We  know  the  character  of 
the  treacherous  French,  and  our  conduct  shall  plainly 
show  you  how  much  we  have  it  at  heart.  I  shall  not 
be  satisfied  if  I  do  not  see  you  before  all  our  forces 
are  met  together  at  the  Fort  which  is  in  the  way, 
wherefore,  I  desire  with  the  greatest  earnestness, 
that  you,  or  at  least  one  of  you,  Scruneyattha  and 
send  a  necklace  of  wampum,  should  come  as  soon  as 
possible  to  meet  us  on  the  road,  and  to  assist  us  in 
council.  I  present  you  with  these  bunches  of  wam 
pum,  to  assure  you  of  the  sincerity  of  my  speech, 
and  that  you  may  remember  how  much  I  am  your 
Friend  and  Brother 

Signed 

G°  WASHINGTON  or 
Conotocarious(z') 

April  28th.  There  came  to  us  some  pieces  of 
Cannon,  which  were  taken  up  to  the  mouth  of  Pat 
terson's  River. 

(From  the  29th  of  April  to  the  nth  May  the 
Journal  only  contains  marches,  and  things  of  little 
consequence.)33 

May  nth.  Detached  a  party  of  twenty-five  men 
commanded  by  Captain  Stevens  and  Ensign  La 
Peronie^  with  orders  to  go  to  Mr  Gist's,35  to  enquire 

(/')  This  was  without  doubt  an  Indian  name  that  Major  Washington  had  taken  to  please 
those  Indians  which  he  wanted  to  win  over  to  his  side. 


5  2  Washington  s 

where  La  Forcem(&)  and  his  party  were;  and  in  case 
they  were  in  the  neighborhood,  to  cease  pursuing 
and  to  retire  to  a  safe  place.  I  also  ordered  them  to 
examine  closely  all  the  woods  round  about,  and  if 
they  should  find  any  Frenchman  apart  from  the  rest, 
to  seize  him  and  bring  him  to  us,  that  we  might 
learn  what  we  could  from  him.  We  were  exceed 
ingly  desirous  to  know,  if  there  was  any  possibility 
of  sending  down  any  thing  by  water,  as  also  to  find 
out  some  convenient  place  about  the  mouth  of  Red- 
Stone-Creek  where  we  could  build  a  fort,  it  being  my 
design  to  salute  the  Half-King,  and  send  him  back 
under  a  small  guard,  we  were  also  desirous  to  en 
quire  what  were  the  views  of  the  French,  what  they 
had  done,  and  what  they  intended  to  do(7)  and  to 
collect  every  thing,  which  could  give  us  the  least 
intelligence. 

33  This  hiatus  in  the  narrative  with  the  remark  in 
parenthesis  is  in  the  French  version  of  the  Journal. 

34  Captain  William  Chevalier  La  Peyronie  was  a 
native  of  France,  well  educated  and  of  good  family. 
He   came  to  America  and  settled  in  Virginia  about 
1750.      His  correct  habits  and  dignified  and  gentle 
manly  character  won  him  friends.      Having  had  some 
training  in  military  tactics,  he   sought  and  obtained 

(k)  Mr  de  la  Force  was  one  of  the  Frenchmen  who  accompanied  Mr  de  Jumonville 
and  about  the  beginning  of  May^  was  sent  out  with  three  other  Frenchmen  and  some 
Indians,  after  deserters,  and  Major  Washington  had  knowledge  of  this  from  the  Indians. 

(I)  If  the  English  were  ignorant  of  the  designs  of  the  French  at  that  time,  it  cannot  then 
be  said  that  their  Hostilities  had  occasioned  the  orders  which  Major  Washington  had  to 
attack  them. 


Journal.  53 

an  Ensign's  commission  in  the  Virginia  regiment 
under  Washington  in  1754.  He  made  a  brave  and 
efficient  officer,  was  desperately  wounded  at  the  bat 
tle  of  the  Great  Meadows,  but  finally  recovered. 
Washington  in  a  letter,  June  i2th,  1754,  to  Governor 
Dinwiddie  strongly  recommended  him  for  the  posi 
tion  of  Adjutant  of  his  regiment.  He  proved  him 
self  capable  and  trustworthy  in  every  position ;  and 
was  well  acquainted  with  engineering  and  the  con 
struction  of  fortifications.  The  Governor  wrote  to 
Washington,  September  nth,  that  he  had  commis 
sioned  Mr.  Peyronie  a  Captain  on  his  recommenda 
tion.  His  name  appears  among  the  officers  under 
Colonel  Washington  in  that  engagement,  receiving 
the  thanks  of  the  House  of  Burgesses  for  their 
courage  and  bravery.  He  was  shortly  after  made  a 
Captain,  August  25th,  1754,  remained  in  the  service, 
went  out  the  next  year  with  the  Virginia  troops  in  the 
Braddock  Expedition  and  was  killed  at  the  disastrous 
battle  of  the  Monongahela.  \Sargenfs  Braddock, 

P.  328.] 

35  Captain  Christopher  Gist,  surveyor,  explorer  and 
agent  of  the  Ohio  Company,  was  a  native  of  Mary 
land.  In  the  interest  of  the  Ohio  Company  he  had 
explored  the  country  from  the  head  feeder  of  the 
Ohio  river  as  far  south  as  the  falls,  now  Louisville, 
Ky.,  in  1750.  Again  the  next  year  he  traversed  the 
valley  of  the  Ohio  on  both  sides  of  the  river  to  the 
falls  and  kept  a  journal  of  his  observations.  In  1752 
he  selected  a  site  for  a  plantation  in  the  Mononga 
hela  Valley,  where  he  erected  a  cabin  and  began  a 
clearing  at  a  point  now  known  as  Mount  Braddock, 
and  which  is  alluded  to  in  the  Journal  as  his  new 
settlement.  This  is  very  near  the  geographical  center 
of  Fayette  county,  Pa.  By  the  early  settlers  the 


54  Washington's 

term  Monongahela  was  applied  to  the  large  district 
of  territory  lying  between  the  Youghiogheny  and  the 
Monongahela  rivers.  Washington,  in  his  Journal  of 
his  journey  to  the  French  commandant  on  the  Ohio, 
in  returning,  says:  January  ist,  1754,  "  We  left 
Frazier's  house  and  arrived  at  Mr  Gists  at  Monon 
gahela."  Gist's  place,  Mount  Braddock,  is  ten  miles 
from  the  Monongahela  river  and  almost  as  far  from 
the  Youghiogheny.  In  1754  eleven  other  families 
had  made  improvements  and  built  cabins  in  the  same 
vicinity,  encouraged  thereto  by  Mr.  Gist  and  the  Ohio 
Company.  These  were  doubtless  the  first,  or  among 
the  first,  settlers  in  Western  Pennsylvania.  As 
Christopher  Gist  was  commissioned  a  Captain  in  the 
Virginia  troops  in  the  fall  of  1755,  he  may  have  left 
the  service  of  the  Ohio  Company.  In  1756  he  was 
sent  by  the  Governor  of  Virginia  to  the  southwest 
to  enlist  a  body  of  Cherokee  Indians  into  the  English 
military  service,  but  his  mission  was  attended  with 
poor  success,  as  all  such  schemes  of  enlisting  Indians 
proved.  In  1757  he  was  appointed  Deputy  Indian 
Agent,  for  which  position  he  was  strongly  recom 
mended  by  Colonel  Washington.  Captain  Gist  had 
three  sons,  Nathaniel,  Thomas  and  Richard ;  and 
two  daughters,  Anne  and  Violet. 

36  La  Force. — French  records  refer  to  Monsieur  La 
Force  as  commander  of  stores  in  the  Canadian  con 
tingent.  In  1754  he  was  with  the  French  troops  at 
Fort  Duquesne  and  was  an  active  and  influential 
emissary  of  that  nation  among  the  Indians.  In 
the  skirmish  between  Colonel  Washington  and  de 
Jumonville  on  the  28th  of  May,  he  was  taken 
prisoner,  sent  to  the  Governor  of  Virginia,  and  after 
being  detained  for  more  than  a  year,  was  sent  to 
England. 


Journal.  55 

May  12th  Marched  away,  and,  went  on  rising 
ground  where  we  halted  to  dry  ourselves,  for  we  had 
been  obliged  to  ford  a  rapid  stream,  where  our 
shortest  men  had  water  up  to  their  arm-pits. 

There  came  an  Express  to  us  with  letters,  ac 
quainting  us,  that  Col.  Fry,  with  a  detachment  of  one 
hundred  men  and  upwards,  was  at  Winchester  and 
was  to  set  out  in  a  few  days  to  join  us  ;  as  also,  that 
Col.  Innes^  was  marching  with  three  hundred  and 
fifty  men,  raised  in  Carolina,  that  it  was  expected 
Maryland  would  raise  two  hundred  men,  and  that 
Pennsylvania  had  raised  ten  thousand  pounds  (equal 
to  about  Fifty-two  thousand  Jive  hundred  livres)  to 
pay  the  soldiers  raised  in  other  Colonies,  as  that 
Province  furnished  no  recruits,  as  also  that  Governor 
Skerley™  had  sent  600  men  to  harrass  the  French  in 
Canada,(w)  I  hope  that  will  give  them  some  work  to 
do,  and  will  slacken  their  sending  so  many  men  to 
the  Ohio  as  they  have  done. 

37  Colonel  James  Innes,  a  native  of  Scotland,  was 
a  personal  friend  of  Governor  Dinwiddie's.  He  was 
advanced  in  life  and  had  resided  for  a  few  years  in 
New  Hanover  county,  N.  C.  The  Colonel  had  seen 
some  military  service  as  a  Captain  in  the  unsuccess 
ful  Expedition  against  Carthagenia  in  the  regiment 
under  the  command  of  Colonel,  afterwards  Lieuten- 
ant-Governor,  William  Gooch,  the  same  regiment  in 

(m)  The  English  are  seen  to  attack  every  where. 


56  Washington  s 

which  Major  Lawrence  Washington  had  served. 
North  Carolina  raised  a  body  of  troops  to  assist 
Governor  Dinwiddie  in  his  project  against  the  French, 
and  Colonel  Innes  set  out  with  about  300  men  to 
join  the  command  of  Colonel  Fry.  From  delays  of 
one  kind  and  another  and  bad  management,  Colonel 
Innes  arrived  at  Winchester  with  but  about  150  men 
on  the  Qth  of  July,  1 754,  his  troop  being  without  arms. 
[See  Governor  Sharp's  Letter^\  On  the  death  of 
Colonel  Fry,  Governor  Dinwiddie  issued,  June  4th, 
1754,  a  commission  of  Colonel  to  George  Washing 
ton  to  command  the  Virginia  regiment  and  appointed 
Colonel  Innes,  then  en  route  from  North  Carolina,  as 
Commander-in-Chief  of  all  the  forces  of  the  Expedition 
to  the  Ohio.  Events  were  at  this  time,  however, 
rapidly  maturing  to  a  crisis  with  the  Expedition  to 
the  Ohio,  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  cul 
minated  in  the  battle  of  the  Great  Meadows  on  the 
3d  of  July,  1754.  This  reverse,  perhaps,  had  a  dis 
heartening  effect  upon  the  North  Carolina  troops, 
for  in  a  short  time  after,  they  nearly  all  dispersed  and 
returned  home  without  orders.  Later  in  the  year 
Governor  Sharp,  of  Maryland,  was  notified  of  his 
appointment  by  His  Majesty  as  Commander-in-Chief 
of  the  combined  forces  of  Virginia  and  Maryland  of 
the  troops  operating  towards  the  Ohio.  Governor 
Dinwiddie  then  appointed  Colonel  Innes  Camp  Mas 
ter-General.  [  See  Governor  Dinwiddie  s  Letter, 
October  i\th,  1754,  and  in  another  letter  Jime  2^th, 
J755>  he  congratulates  him  on  being  appointed  Gov 
ernor  of  Fort  Cumberland^  Although  he  enjoyed 
the  confidence  and  friendship  of  the  Governor, 
he  made  but  an  indifferent  military  record.  He  was 
one  of  the  officers  who  acted  under  two  com 
missions,  an  old  one  from  the  King  in  a  former  war 


Journal.  5  7 

and  a  new  one  from  Governor  Dinwiddie,  to  each  of 
which  he  appealed  as  occasion  required.  By  this 
means  he  kept  up  a  double  headed  command  for  a 
time  at  Will's  creek. 

Governor  Dinwiddie  s  Commission  to  Colonel  James 

Innes 

"  His  Majesty  George,  the  Second  of  G.  B.  F'r. 
and  I.  King,  having  been  graciously  pleas'd  to  Order 
and  Com'd  Me  to  raise  Forces,  build  Fortresses  on 
the  river  Ohio,  and  to  protect  his  Lands  on  the  s'd 
River  ;  also  to  prevent  any  foreign  Power  whatsoever 
to  settle  on  the  s'd  Lands,  as  His  M'y  has  an  un 
doubted  right  thereto,  And  I,  repos'g  especial  Trust 
and  Confidence  in  the  known  Loyalty,  Courage  and 
Conduct  in  You,  the  s'd  James  Innes,  have,  by  Virtue 
of  the  Power  and  Authority  given  me  by  His  s'd  M'y, 
constituted  and  appointed,  And  do  hereby  constitute 
and  appoint  You,  the  s'd  Jas.  Innes,  to  be«Com'd'r 
in  Chief  of  all  the  Forces  already  rais'd  and  destin'd, 
or  that  shall  hereafter  be  rais'd,  design'd  and  ordered 
on  the  Service  of  the  s'd  Expedit'n.  You  are,  there 
fore,  carefully  and  diligently  to  discharge  the  Duty 
of  a  Com'd'r  in  Chief  agreeable  to  the  Instruct's 
herewith  given  You ;  And  I  accordingly  hereby 
Order  and  Com'd  all  the  Officers  and  Soldiers  to  give 
due  Obedience  to  such  Orders  and  Direct's  as  from 
Time  to  Time  You  may  think  proper  and  necessary 
to  direct  and  Com'd.  And  You  are  to  follow  all  such 
further  Instruct's  and  Orders  as  You  may  receive 
from  me  in  discharge  of  the  Duty  of  Y'r  s'd  Com'd 
for  all  w'ch  this  shall  be  Y'r  Warr't  and  Com'o. 
Given  under  my  Hand  and  the  Seal  of  the  Colony  at 
Winchester  this  4th  day  of  June,  1754."  [Dinwiddie 
Papers,  vol.  i,  p.  194.] 
8 


58  Washington *s 

Governor  Dinwiddies  Instructions  to  Colonel  Innes. 

"  All  the  Forces  appointed  and  by  me  directed  and 
order'd  to  the  Gen'l  Rendezvous  being  joined,  You 
are  on  the  first  convenient  day  [to]  cause  a  Muster 
roll  of  the  whole  to  be  taken,  and  all  such  of  the 
Articles  of  War  to  be  publicly  read  as  may  relate  to 
Mutiny,  Disertion  and  the  keeping  up  a  proper 
Discipline  among  the  Officers  and  Soldiers  under 
Y'r  Com'd,  whereby  each  Officer  may  know  and  per 
form  their  respective  Duties.  And  that  I  may  be 
acquainted  with  the  Exact  Number  of  the  Forces, 
You  are  once  in  every  two  Months  [to]  cause  a 
Gen'l  Muster  to  be  made  and  a  List  or  Muster  roll 
sent  me  by  the  first  opp'ty  or  Courier,  and  the  s'd 
Article  of  War,  at  such  Musters,  to  be  as  publicly 
read.  You  are,  before  You  enter  on  any  Action  of 
Attack  or  extraordinary  Enterprize  to  annoy  or  cir 
cumvent  the  Enemy,  [to]  call  a  Council  of  War,  to 
consist  of  the  Field  Officers  and  Capt's  of  the  Inde- 
pend't  Compa's ;  in  w'ch  Council  You  are  to  form  a 
Plan  of  Operations  and  issue  Your  Orders  accord 
ingly.  The  Capt's  and  Officers  of  the  Independ't 
Compa's  having  their  Com'ds  signed  by  His  M'y 
imagine  they  claim  a  distinguish'^,  rank,  and  being 
long  trained  in  Arms  expect  suitable  regards. 

"  You  will,  therefore,  consult  and  agree  with  Y'r 
Officers  to  shew  them  particular  marks  of  Esteem, 
w'ch  will  avoid  such  Causes  of  Uneasiness  as  other 
wise  might  obstruct  His  M'y's  Service,  wherein  all 
are  alike  engag'd  and  must  answer  for  any  ill  Conse 
quences  of  an  unhappy  Disagreem't.  You  are  to 
appoint  and  hold  Courts- Martial  as  often  as  the  same 
shall  be  thought  necessary,  to  proceed  and  give  Sen 
tence  according  to  the  rules  and  Articles  of  War,  of 


Journal.  59 

w'ch  You  are  to  give  me  Advice.  The  French  having 
unjustly  invaded  the  King  of  G.  B.  Lands  on  the 
river  Ohio  and  taken  Possession  of  a  Fort  that  was 
begun  to  be  built  by  my  Order  for  his  s'd  M'y  and 
the  Territory  around  the  same.  You  are  hereby 
order'd  and  directed,  as  soon  as  Your  united  Forces 
shall  be  sufficient,  to  repair  thither,  and  summons 
the  French  possesing  it,  to  surrender  the  Fort  and 
evacuate  the  King  of  G.  B.  Lands.  And  in  Case  of 
refusal,  You  are  to  use  Your  utmost  Efforts  to  com- 
pell  and  force  them,  and  if  You  have  the  desired  Suc 
cess  You  are  to  take  especial  Care  of  the  Prisoners 
by  sending  them  down  to  W'mburg.  Or  if  You  sh'd 
think  the  sparing  of  Men  to  guard  them  thither  w'd 
too  much  weaken  Y'r  small  Army,  then,  You  may 
give  them  some  Canoes  to  go  down  the  river  Ohio  ; 
by  no  means  leting  them  go  up  that  river  to  Canada 
or  returning.  If,  in  Y'r  Council  of  War,  the  taking 
the  above  na'd  Fort  sh'd  be  judged  impracticable, 
You  are  to  build  another  Fort  on  the  s'd  river  Ohio, 
in  some  proper  Place,  for  the  better  security  of  Your 
Men,  Arms,  Stores,  Provis's,  &c.,  And  prevention 
of  any  Supplies  being  carried  to  the  French  Garrison, 
whereby,  in  all  probability,  They  will  be  reduced  to 
the  Necessity  of  Capitulating  and  accept'g  such 
Terms  as  the  Situation  and  Circumstance  of  Y'r 
Affairs  may  require  and  You  may  reasonably  admit 
of.  If  any  of  the  French  Army  sh'd  desert  to  You, 
take  proper  notice  of  them,  but  not  to  give  them  too 
much  Liberty,  and  w'n  convenient,  it  may  be  proper 
to  send  them  down  the  Country. 

"The  Ohio  Ind's  having  discover'd  their  Inclina 
tions  to  join  the  English,  being  now  convinced  of 
their  Intent's  to  defend  and  protect  the  Ind's  ag'st 
the  late  Invasion  and  Encroachm'ts  of  the  French 


60  Washington's 

on  the  Ohio  Lands,  And  particularly  the  Half  King 
who  has  greatly  distinguished  Himself  as  our  hearty 
Friend,  and  appears  to  me  a  Man  of  good  Sense  and 
great  resolution,  I  therefore  recomend  him  in  the 
Kindest  maner  to  Y'r  F'dship  and  good  Offices  and 
let  him  and  the  other  Ind's  know  that  we  come  to 
aid  and  assist  them  and  to  protect  their  Lands  from 
the  ruinous  Excursions  of  the  French  and  their  Ind's, 
and  so  order  it  that  Y'r  Soldiers  behave  to  them 
with  great  Decency  and  Brotherly  Affect'n.  If  any 
of  Y'r  officers  sh'd  die  or  unfortunately  [be]  slain  in 
Battle,  You  are  to  supply  their  Places  by  the  most 
deserving,  hav'g  regard  to  seniority  in  Com'o,  And 
give  me  Advice  thereof  for  my  Approbat'n  and 
Confirmation.  Whilst  it  may  be  tho't  unnecessary 
for  His  M'y's  Service  to  keep  his  Forces  on  the  river 
Ohio,  a  Courier  will  be  appointed  that  I  may  be 
frequently  advised  of  the  Occurrences ;  You  will 
therefore  embrace  such  Opp'tys.  As  I  have  hitherto 
exerted  my  utmost  Endeavours  to  hasten  the  several 
Corps  to  their  appointed  rendezvous,  purchas'd  and 
sent  the  necessary  Provisions  and  Stores,  tho'  at 
tended  with  extraordinary  and  great  Delays,  I  am 
determin'd  to  continue  my  resolutions  to  have  Your 
army  supplied  in  future,  trusting  that  His  M'y  and 
myself  will  have  the  pleasing  Acc't  of  Y'r  well  doing. 
As  many  Occurrences  and  Accidents  may  happen 
that  cannot  be  fore-known,  You  are  to  act  in  such 
Cases  in  the  best  manner  advisable,  as  may  conduce 
to  His  M'y's  Service,  for  the  doing  of  w'ch  You  have 
my  full  Power  and  Instruct'n.  Wishing  You  and  the 
whole  Corps  good  Health  and  Success,  I  am  Sir, 

Y'r  loving  Friend." 


Journal.  61 

Additional  Instruct' s. 

"  To  preserve  regularity  and  Order,  to  keep  up 
Discipline,  and  enforce  Obedience,  I  do  hereby 
further  authorize  and  empower  You  to  suspend  any 
Officer  who  shall  misbehave  himself  or  be  refractory, 
as  You  shall  see  Cause,  and  appoint  another  in  his 
room,  Giving  me  imediate  Notice  thereof. 

"June  25th,  [1754],  W'msburg.  -  -  The  Independ't 
Compa's  are  also  under  Y'r  Com'd.  You  are,  there 
fore,  to  receive  them  in  a  particular  manner,  and  give 
them  Y'r  Orders  from  Time  to  Time  as  You  do  the 
other  regim'ts,  they  having  my  Orders  to  obey  Y'r 
Com'ds,  and  to  receive  their  Orders  from  You.  I 
wish  for  Unanimity  and  good  Conduct  in  defeating 
the  Designs  of  the  French.  I  wish  You  Health  and 
Success. 

I  Am,  S'r,  Y'r  H'ble  Serv't." 

\Dinwiddie  Papers,  vol.  i,  p.  195.] 

38  General  William  Shirley,  Governor  of  Massa 
chusetts  1741-56,  was  born  at  Preston,  Sussex,  Eng 
land,  and  died  at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  March  24,  1771. 
He  was  bred  to  the  law,  came  to  Boston  in  1734 
when  about  40  years  of  age,  and  practiced  his  pro 
fession  with  success  and  reputation.  At  the  time  of 
his  appointment  as  Governor  he  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  for  the  settlement  of  the  boundary 
between  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island.  It  was 
to  his  genius  that  the  Expedition  against  Cape 
Breton  was  due  and  its  success  assured  in  1 745.  The 
Governor  was  in  England  much  of  the  time  between 
1746—53,  and  was  one  of  the  commissioners  at  Paris 
for  settling  the  limits  of  Nova  Scotia  and  other  con 
troverted  rights  between  the  French  and  the  English 


62  Washington 's 

in  America.  He  explored  the  Kennebec  region, 
built  several  forts  and  made  treaties  with  the  Eastern 
Indians  in  1754.  In  1755  he  was  the  Commander  of 
the  British  forces  in  North  America  and  planned  the 
Expedition  against  Niagara,  leading  it  himself  as  far 
as  Oswego.  In  1759  ne  was  made  Lieutenant-Gen- 
eral.  There  was  some  disagreement  between  him 
and  General  Loudoun  which  led  to  a  change  and  he 
was  made  Governor  of  the  Bahama  Islands,  but  re 
turned  to  Massachusetts  in  1770.  He  built  himself 
a  spacious  house  in  Roxbury,  afterward  the  residence 
of  Governor  Eustis  [Drake  and  Dinwiddie  Papers, 
voL  i,  p.  69.] 

May  1 6th.  Met  two  traders,  who  told  us  they  fled 
for  fear  of  the  French  as  parties  of  them  were  often 
seen  towards  Mr.  Gist's.  These  traders  are  of  opin 
ion,  as  well  as  many  others,  that  it  is  not  possible 
to  clear  a  road  for  loaded  wagons  to  go  from  hence 
to  Red-Stone-Creek. 

May  17th.  This  evening  Mr.  Ward  arrived  with 
the  young  Indian  from  Williamsburg  and  delivered 
me  a  letter,  wherein  the  Governor  is  so  good  as  to 
approve  of  my  proceedings,  but  is  much  displeased 
with  Captain  Trent,  and  has  ordered  him  to  be  tried 
for  leaving  his  men  at  the  Ohio:  The  Governor  also 
informs  me  that  Capt.  Mackay,39  with  an  inde 
pendent  company  of  100  men,  excluding  the  officers, 
had  arrived,  and  that  we  might  expect  them  daily; 


Journal.  63 

and  that  the  men   from    New-York  would  join  us 
within  ten  days.40 

This  night  also  came  two  Indians  from  the  Ohio 
who  left  the  French  fort  five  days  ago;  They  relate 
that  the  French  forces  are  all  employed  in  building 
their  Fort,  that  it  is  already  breast-high,  and  of  the 
thickness  of  twelve  feet,  and  filled  up  with  Earth, 
stone,  &c.  They  have  cut  down  and  burnt  up  all  the 
trees  which  were  about  it  and  sown  grain  instead 
thereof.  The  Indians  believe  they  were  only  600 
in  number,  although  they  say  themselves  they  are 
800:  They  expect  a  greater  number  in  a  few  days, 
which  may  amount  to  1,600.  Then  they  say  they 
can  defy  the  English. 

39  Captain  James  Mackaye,  as  he  seems  to  have 
written  his  name  in  1 754,  though  others  usually  wrote 
it  McKay,  was  a  native  of  Scotland  and  was  in  com 
mand  of  an  Independent  Company  of  about  one 
hundred  soldiers  in  His  Majesty's  service.  The 
troops  came  from  South  Carolina  and  were  sent  to 
aid  Governor  Dinwiddie  in  his  design  against  the 
French  on  the  Ohio.  The  Governor  of  Virginia 
writes  on  the  2oth  of  June  to  Governor  Sharp  of 
Maryland  setting  forth  his  plans  for  settling  the 
question  of  rank  and  asking  his  opinion  of  it.  Cap 
tain  Mackaye  wrote  to  the  Governor  from  Will's 
Creek  on  the  ioth  of  June  that  he  was  detained  there 
for  want  of  flour.  He  joined  Washington  with  his 
force  on  or  about  the  i8th  of  June.  His  was  an 


64  Washington* 

actual  instance  of  an  officer  of  a  lower  rank,  but 
holding  his  commission  from  the  King,  refusing  to 
serve  under  or  receive  orders  from  an  officer  hold 
ing  a  Commission  from  a  Governor  of  one  of  the 
Provinces.  It  is  due  to  the  memory  of  Captain 
Mackaye  to  say  that  while  he  was  punctilious, 
Colonel  Washington  was  discreet,  so  that  no  actual 
collision  of  authority  was  developed.  The  fault  was 
not  in  the  officer,  but  in  the  system.  In  the  battle 
of  the  Great  Meadows,  Washington  found  no  fault 
with  him  and  Captain  James  Mackaye's  name  is  the 
first  signed  to  the  Articles  of  Capitulation  at  Fort 
Necessity.  Was  this  an  accident  or  as  recognition  of 
his  claim  to  rank.  No  reference  is  made  by  either 
to  this  fact.  The  Virginia  regiment  and  Captain 
Mackaye's  Independent  company  marched  back  to 
Will's  Creek  together.  After  resting  here  a  few  days, 
he  accompanied  Washington  to  Williamsburg  where 
they  made  a  full  report  of  the  campaign  and  the  battle 
of  the  Great  Meadows.  His  name  is  included  with  that 
of  Washington  and  the  other  officers  who  took  part 
in  the  engagement  with  the  French.  From  Williams- 
burg  he  went  for  a  brief  visit  to  Philadelphia  and  then 
returned  to  Will's  Creek.  From  Philadelphia  he 
wrote  to  Washington  in  September:  "  I  had  several 
disputes  about  our  capitulation;  but  I  satisfied  every 
person  that  mentioned  the  subject  as  to  the  articles  in 
question  that  they  were  owing  to  a  bad  interpreter, 
and  contrary  to  the  translation  made  to  us  when  we 
signed  them."  After  a  time  Captain  Mackaye  retired 
from  the  service,  sold  out  his  commission  and  went 
to  reside  in  the  state  of  Georgia.  About  1787,  while 
en  route  from  Rhode  Island  by  land  to  Georgia,  he 
was  taken  sick  and  died  at  Alexandria,  Va.  [See 
Letter  of  Washington  in  Sparks,  vol.  12,  p.  303.] 


Journal.  65 

40  On  the  subject  of  the  independent  companies 
Governor  Didwiddie  writes  Colonel  Joshua  Fry,  May 
4th,  1754:  "  As  the  officers  of  the  Independ't  Compa's 
are  Gent,  of  Experience  in  the  Art  Military,  have 
serv'd  in  several  Campaigns,  are  jealous  of  their  own 
Hon'r,  and  are  well  recomended,  I  hope  You  will  con- 
cuct  Y'rself  towards  them  with  Prudence  and  receive 
their  Advice  with  Candor,  as  the  most  probable 
means  of  promoting  His  M'y's  Service  and  the  success 
of  the  Expedit'n."  \Dinwiddie  Papers,  vol.  i,/.  147.] 
The  same  day  the  Governor  writes  to  Colonel 
Washington:  "The  Independ't  Compa  from  So.  Car. 
arriv'd  two  days  ago;  is  compleat;  100  Men  besides 
Officers,  and  will  re-embark  for  Alexa  next  Week, 
thence  proceed  imediately  to  join  Col°  Fry  and 
You.  The  two  Independ't  Compa's  from  N.  York 
may  be  Expected  in  ab'1  ten  days.  The  N .  Car.  Men, 
under  the  Com'd  of  Col°  Innes,  are  imagin'd  to  be 
on  their  March,  and  will  probably  be  at  the  Randez- 
vous  abl  the  15*  Inst."  *  "I  hope  Capt. 

McKay,  who  Com'ds  the  Independ't  Compa.,  will 
soon  be  with  You  And  as  he  appears  to  be  an  Officer 
of  some  Experience  and  Importance,  You  will  with 
Col°  Fry  and  Col°  Innes,  so  well  agree  as  not  to  let 
some  Punctillios  ab*  Com'd  render  the  Service  You 
are  all  engag'd  in,  perplex'd  or  obstructed." 

The  New  York  independent  companies  did  not 
join  Colonel  Washington's  forces  until  after  the 
battle  of  the  Great  Meadows.  They  were  therefore 
stopped  and  encamped  at  Will's  Creek  where  they 
remained  for  some  time  and  assisted  during  the  fall 
and  winter  in  building  a  fort,  -which  was  subse 
quently  named  Fort  Cumberland,  in  honor  of  the 
Duke  of  Cumberland,  Commander-in-Chief  of  the 
British  army. 
9 


66  Washington's 

May  1 8th.  The  waters  being  yet  very  high,  hin 
dered  me  from  sending  forward  my  men  and  my 
baggage  wherefore  I  determined  to  set  myself  in  a 
position  of  defence  against  any  immediate  attack 
from  the  Enemy, (n)  and  went  down  to  observe  the 
river. 

May  19th.  I  despatched  the  young  Indian  who 
had  returned  with  Mr  Ward,  to  the  Half-King,  with 
the  following  speech. 

To  the  Half-King,  &c 
My  Brethren, 

It  gives  me  great  pleasure,  to  learn  that  you  are 
marching  to  assist  me  with  your  counsels;  be  of  good 
courage,  my  brethren,  and  march  vigorously  towards 
your  brethren  the  English  ;  for  fresh  forces  will  soon 
join  them,  who  will  protect  you  against  your  treach 
erous  enemy  the  French.  I  must  send  My  friends 
to  you,  that  they  may  acquaint  you  with  an  agree 
able  speech  which  the  Governor  of  Virginia  has  sent 
to  you:  He  is  very  sorry  for  the  bad  usage  you 
have  received.  The  swollen  streams  do  not  permit 
us  to  come  to  you  quickly,  for  that  reason  I  have 
sent  this  young  man  to  invite  you  to  come  and  meet 
us:  he  can  tell  you  many  things  that  he  has  seen  in 

(«)  It  has  been  seen  in  the  foregoing  pieces  that  this  pretended  Enemy  had  no  inclina 
tion  to  attack. 


Journal.  67 

Virginia,  and  also  how  well  he  was  received  by  the 
most  prominent  men;  they  did  not  treat  him  as  the 
French  do  your  people  who  go  to  their  Fort;(0)  they 
refuse  them  provisions;  this  man  has  had  given  him 
all  that  his  heart  could  wish;  for  the  confirmation  of 
all  this,  I  here  give  you  a  Belt  of  Wampum. 

May  2Oth.  Embarked  in  a  canoe  with  Lieu1 
West,41  three  soldiers,  and  one  Indian;  and  having 
followed  the  river42  along  about  half  a  mile,  were 
obliged  to  come  ashore,  where  I  met  Peter  Suver, 
a  Trader,  who  seemed  to  discourage  me  from 
seeking  a  passage  by  water ;  that  made  me  change 
my  purpose  of  causing  canoes  to  be  made  ;  I  ordered 
my  men  to  wade,  as  the  water  was  shallow  enough, 
and  continued  myself  going  down  the  river.  Now 
finding  that  our  canoes  were  too  small  for  six  men, 
we  stopped  and  built  a  Bark  ;  with  which,  together 
with  our  canoe,  we  reached  Turkey-Foot,®  by  the  be 
ginning  of  the  night.  We  met  with  some  slight  and 
unimportant  difficulties  about  eight  or  ten  miles  from 
there,  we  passed  some  places  where  the  water  (un 
less  it  became  lower  than  it  then  was)  would  have 
been  deep  enough  to  allow  the  passage  of  canoes. 

(o)  This  is  the  only  bad  usage  this  pretended  Half-King  could  complain  of:  The  French 
were  not  willing  to  receive  in  their  Forts  such  Indians  as  were  perfidious  and  evil  minded: 
It  may  be  seen  in  Robert  Strobe's  letter  hereafter,  how  the  French  used  the  Indians. 


68  Washingtoits 

41  Lieutenant  John  West,  Jr.  served  in  Captain 
Van  Braam's  company  for  a  time,  but  may  have  been 
an  officer  unattached,  as  he  was  frequently  off  on 
special  duty.  It  was  his  province  to  conduct  the  pris 
oners  taken  in  the  de  Jumonville  skirmish  down  to 
Winchester.  I  find  among  some  old  papers  relating 
to  this  armed  expedition  a  list,  without  date,  of  the 
men's  names  and  with  the  following  heading,  "  Cap 
tain  West's  New  Recruits  Not  Incorporated,"  and 
having  this  indorsement  in  Washington's  handwrit 
ing  "  Return  of  Recruits  Not  Incorporated."  Lieu 
tenant  West's  name  is  borne  upon  the  rolls  of  the 
Virginia  regiment  for  the  months  of  June  and  July, 
1 754,  and  it  is  presumed  that  he  was  in  the  battle  of 
the  Great  Meadows,  although  he  may  have  been  off 
on  some  detached  duty.  His  name  does  not  appear 
among  the  officers  in  that  engagement  who  were 
thanked  by  the  House  of  Burgesses  for  "  their  gallant 
and  brave  behavior."  But  his  name  does  appear 
among  the  officers  in  the  distribution  of  land  under 
Governor  Dinwiddie's  proclamation  to  those  who 
served  in  the  campaign.  He  resigned  his  commis 
sion  shortly  after  the  return  of  the  Virginia  regiment 
to  Will's  Creek.  (See  Washington  s  Letter  August, 
20,  1 754.)  Although  I  have  not  the  proof,  it  is  rendered 
very  probable  that  this  is  the  John  West  Jr.  who  was 
with  George  Mason,  Esq.,  member  of  the  Virginia 
convention  of  1776  from  Fairfax  County,  Va.  The 
following  are  the  names  of  the  recruits  referred  to 
John  Caphaw,  James  McBride, 

Jacob  Cat,  James  McLaughton, 

Bryan  Conner,  Gasper  Morhead, 

Wm.  Fyan,  Richard  Murry, 

John  Hamilton,  Jacob  Perkley, 

Jacob  Havely,  Hugh  Rotchford, 


Journal.  69 

George  Hoarst,  Thomas  Sellers,  Sergeant, 

Jacob  Kibler,  Benjamin  Smith, 

Henry  Leonard,  Christian  Taylor, 

John  Lowe,  John  Thomas, 

John  David  Wilber  [supposed  Woelpper],  Sergeant, 
42  Youghiogheny  is  a  considerable  stream  which 
rises  on  the  western  side  of  the  Alleghany  Moun 
tains,  between  it  and  a  parallel  ridge  known  as  Laurel 
Hill,  through  which  it  passes  and  empties  into  the 
Monongahela  river  at  McKeesport,  about  25  miles 
above  Pittsburg.  The  term  "  Forks  of  the  Yough," 
was  a  common  name  applied  by  the  early  settlers  to 
a  large  section  of  country  lying  between  the  forks  of 
the  Monongahela  and  Youghiogheny  rivers. 

43 " Turkey  Foot,"  ''Three  Forks"  and  "  Crow 
Foot  "  were  names  applied  to  the  same  locality,  made 
notable  by  the  junction  of  three  streams  at  the  one 
place,  the  Youghiogheny,  Laurel  Hill  Creek  and 
Castelman's  River.  Although  known  as  "  Turkey 
Foot,"  from  the  earliest  recorded  visits  by  white  men 
and  so  given  by  geographers,  the  modern  city  builders 
have  named  it  "Confluence." 

May  2ist  Tarried  there  some  time  to  examine  the 
place,  which  we  found  very  suitable  for  the  erection 
of  a  fort,  not  only  because  it  was  gravelly,  but  also 
because  it  was  at  the  mouth  of  the  three  branches ; 
and  in  most  places  there  was  a  good  tough  bottom 
on  which  to  build  it:  The  plan  thereof,  which  may 
be  seen  here  is  as  exact  as  could  be  done  without 
mathematical  instruments. 


70  Washington  s 

We  went  about  two  miles  to  observe  the  course  of 
the  river,  which  is  narrow,  has  many  currents,  is  full 
of  rocks,  and  rapid  ;  we  waded  it,  though  the  water 
was  pretty  high,  which  leads  me  to  think  that  it 
would  not  be  difficult  to  cross  it  with  canoes,  which, 
however,  could  not  readily  be  done  without. 

We  also  found  other  places  where  the  water  was 
rapid  but  not  so  deep,  and  the  current  smoother,  we 
easily  passed  over  them,  but  afterwards  we  found 
little  or  scarce  any  bottom.  There  are  mountains  on 
both  sides  of  the  river.  We  went  down  the  river 
about  ten  miles  when  at  last  it  became  so  rapid  as  to 
oblige  us  to  come  ashore.44 

(From  the  22d  to  the  24th  the  Journal  contains  only 
a  description  of  the  country.)45 

44  Ohio-Pile  Falls  of  the  Youghiogheny  River,   in 
Fayette  County,  Pa.,  are  both  remarkable  and  beauti 
ful.     The  stream  in  the  course  of  a  mile  falls  over  60 
feet  and  at  one  bold  plunge  has  a  perpendicular  fall 
of  46  feet.     A  town  has  grown  up  at  the  place  known 
as  Fall  City,  in  Stewart  Township,  Fayette  County, 
Pa.     This  place  was  once  gravely  recommended  as  a 
suitable  place  to  locate  the  U.  S.  Armory  on  account 
of  its  great  water  power. 

45  The  French  version  of  the  Journal  omits  records 
of  22d  and   23d,   with  the  remarks  contained  within 
the  parentheses. 


Journal.  7 J 

May  24th  This  morning  an  Indian  arrived  in  com 
pany  with  the  one  whom  I  had  sent  to  the  Half-King 
and  brought  me  the  following  letter  from  him. 

To  any  of  his  Majesty's  officers  whom  this  May 
Concern. 

As  'tis  reported  that  the  French  army  is  set  out  to 
meet  M.  George  Washington,  I  exhort  you  my 
brethren,  to  guard  against  them,  for  they  intend  to 
fall  on  the  first  English  they  meet ;(/)  They  have 
been  on  their  march  these  two  days,  the  Half  King 
and  the  other  chiefs  will  join  you  within  five  days,  to 
hold  a  council,  though  we  know  not  the  number  we 
shall  be.  I  shall  say  no  more ;  but  remember  me  to 
my  brethren  the  English. 

Signed  The  Half-King. 

I  examined  these  young  Indians  in  the  best  manner 
I  could,  concerning  every  circumstance,  but  was  not 
much  enlightened  by  them. 

They  say  there  are  parties  of  them  often  out,  but 
they  do  not  know  of  any  considerable  number  coming 
this  way.(^)  The  French  continue  erecting  their  fort; 
that  part  next  the  land  is  very  well  inclosed,  but  that 
next  to  the  water  is  much  neglected,  at  least  without 

(/)  Observe  the  craft  of  this  Indian!  It  has  been  proved  that  M.  de  Contrecoeur  tarried 
at  Fort  Du  Quesne;  as  to  Mr.  de  Jumonville  this  cannot  concern  him,  seeing  he  did  not 
set  out  before  the  asrd  and  his  instructions  have  already  been  given. 

(q)  A  new  proof  of  the  falsehood  of  this  letter. 


72  Washington's 

any  defence.  They  have  only  nine  pieces  of  cannon 
and  some  of  them  very  small,  and  not  one  mounted. 
There  are  two  on  the  point  and  the  others  some  dis 
tance  from  the  Fort  next  the  land. 

They  relate  that  there  are  many  sick  among  them 
that  they  cannot  find  any  Indians  to  guide  their 
small  parties  towards  our  camp,  these  Indians  having 
refused  them. 

The  same  day  at  two  o'clock,  we  arrived  at  the 
Meadows,46  where  we  saw  a  trader,  who  told  us  that 
he  came  this  morning  from  Mr.  Gist's,  where  he  had 
seen  two  Frenchmen  the  night  before,  and  that  he 
knew  there  was  a  strong  detachment  on  the  march, 
which  confirmed  the  account  we  had  received  from 
the  Half-King  wherefore  I  placed  troops  behind  two 
natural  intrenchments,  and  had  our  wagons  put  there 
also. 

46  The  Meadows  here  referred  to  are  two  Great 
Meadows,  a  circumscribed,  treeless  valley  on  the 
Eastern  slope  of  Laurel  Hill  mountain  near  the  head 
of  Great  Meadow  creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Youghi- 
ogheny  River,  and  in  what  is  now  Wharton  Town 
ship,  Fayette  County,  Pa.  Camp  No.  8  of  Brad- 
dock's  march  was  in  this  meadow.  It  is  18  miles 
from  the  "Great  Crossing,"  13  from  Gist's  Planta 
tion  and  Fort,  4  from  the  foot  of  Laurel  Hill,  51 
from  Cumberland,  Md.,  and  10  from  Uniontown,  Pa. 
From  the  exciting  occurrences  which  took  place  at  and 


'cst. 


3ua*Kg4 


Journal.  73 

near  this  locality  in  which  Washington  was  a  con 
spicuous,  if  not  the  chief  actor,  we  may  well  suppose 
it  possessed  special  interest  for  him  through  life.      It 
is  situated  within  a  mile  of  the  scene  of  the  skirmish 
with  de  Jumonville,  where  Washington  fired  the  first 
gun  in  a  war  which  blotted  New  France  in  America 
from  the  map  of  the  world.      It  is  also  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of   Braddock's   Grave,  at  whose    interment 
Washington    read  the  funeral  services.     And    last, 
though  not  least,  it  is  the  ground  on  which  he  threw 
up  a  hasty  fort,   and   after  battling  for  nine  hours 
against  a  vastly  superior  force,  was  obliged  to  capitu 
late    and   did  so   with    honor.     It  must  have   been 
some  lingering  regard  for  the  place  that  led  him  to 
buy  the  tract  of  land  on  which  "  Fort  Necessity  "  was 
built,  as  we  learn  from  the  History  of  Fayette  County, 
he  did:  "In    1767  General  Washington  acquired  a 
claim  to  a  tract  of  two  hundred  and  thirty-four  acres 
called   '  Mount   Washington,'  and   situated   on    Big 
Meadow  Run,  including  Fort  Necessity.      It  was  con 
firmed  to   him   by    Pennsylvania,   and   surveyed  on 
Warrant   No.  3383  for  Lawrence  Harrison,  in  right 
of  William   Brooks,   and   was  patented  to   General 
Washington  and  devised  by  his  will  to  be  sold  by  his 
executors.     It  was  bought  by  Andrew  Park  of  Balti 
more,  who  sold  it  to  Gen.  Thomas  Meason,   whose 
administrators  sold  it  to  Joseph  Huston  in  1816;"  etc. 
Washington  in  his  will  after  devising  this  land,  in  a 
note  refers  to  it  as  follows:  "  This  land  is  valuable 
on  account  of  its  local  situation,  and  other  properties. 
It  affords  an  exceeding  good  stand  on   Braddock's 
road  from   Fort  Cumberland  to  Pittsburg,   beares  a 
fertile    soil,    possesses  a   large    quantity   of   natural 
meadow  fit  for  the  scythe.     It  is  distinguished  by  the 

10 


74  Washington's 

appellation  of  the  Great  Meadows,  where  the  first 
action  with  the  French  in  the  year  1 754  was  fought." 
[From  Washington's  will.~\ 

May  25th  Detached  a  scouting  party  at  Chavert  to 
go  along  the  roads,47  and  sent  other  small  parties  to 
scour  the  woods.  I  gave  the  Horse-men  orders  to 
examine  the  country  well,  and  endeavor  to  get  some 
views  of  the  French,  of  their  forces,  of  their  move 
ments,  etc. 

In  the  evening  all  these  parties  returned,  without 
having  discovered  anything,  though  they  had  been 
pretty  far  towards  the  place  whence  it  was  said  the 
party  was  coming. 

May  26th  Arrived  William  Jenkins;®  Col.  Fry  had 
sent  him  with  a  letter  from  Col.  Fairfax®  which  in 
formed  me,  that  the  Governor  himself,  as  also  Col 
onels  Corbin®  and  Ludwell^  had  arrived  at  Win 
chester,  and  were  desirous  of  seeing  the  Half-King 
there,  whereupon  I  sent  him  word  thereof. 

47  The  roads. — This,  doubtless,  refers  to  the  roads 
opened    across   the    Alleghany    Mountains  by   the 
"Ohio  Company"  in  1753  and  somewhat  improved 
by  Captain   Trent,  so    that    pack  horses  with  their 
loads  could  readily  pass. 

48  William  Jenkins,  was  a  messenger  much  employed 
by  the  Governor  to  ride  express  between  the  capital 
of  Virginia  and  the  military  posts.     He  is  probably 
the  same  person  whom  Washington  had  in  his  em- 


Journal.  75 

ployment  in  the  journey  to  deliver  Governor  Din- 
widdie's  summons  to  the  French  commandant  at  Fort 
Le  Bceuf.  He  also  received  land  under  Governor 
Dinwiddie's  proclamation  for  service  in  1754.  Gov 
ernor  Dinwiddie  in  a  letter  to  Colonel  Washington, 
May  8,  1756,  says:  "I  p'd  Jenkins  till  the  time  you 
were  order'd  a  Military  Chest,  and  you  are  to  con 
tinue  to  pay  him,  as  it's  a  necessary  Service,  and  I 
shall  support  you  therin."  \_Dinwiddie  Papers,  vol. 
u,  p.  407.]  Jan.  16,  1762,  the  journal  of  the  House 
of  Burgesses  shows  that  he  applied  for  relief  in  the  fol 
lowing  language:  "  A  petition  of  William  Jenkins,  set 
ting  forth  that  he  has  been  employed  in  the  service  of 
the  Public  as  an  Express  from  the  beginning  of  the  war 
to  this  time,  and  has  discharged  his  Duty  therein  with 
his  utmost  Care  and  fidelity;  that  in  the  Course  of 
that  time  he  has  lost  a  great  number  of  Horses  of 
considerable  value,  and  although  he  was  by  Agree 
ment  (when  he  first  engaged  in  the  service)  to  fur 
nish  his  own  Horses,  yet  he  hopes  the  House  will 
make  him  some  allowance  for  his  Losses,  especially 
as  he  was  often  sent  to  places  far  remote  from  Win 
chester,  which  was  to  be  his  furthest  stage  out;  and 
praying  also  some  Provision  for  his  future  support 
and  Maintenance,  being  now  old  and  infirm,  was  pre 
sented  to  the  House  and  read.  Ordered,  That  the 
said  Petition  be, referred  to  Mr.  Richard  Henry  Lee 
and  Mr.  Attorney;  that  they  examine  into  the  Allega 
tions  thereof,  and  report  the  same,  with  their  opinion 
thereon,  to  the  House."  January  18,  1762,  the  journal 
contains  the  following  reports:  "Mr.  Richard  Henry 
Lee  reported  that  the  Committee  to  whom  the  Peti 
tion  of  William  Jenkins  was  referred  and,  according 
to  Order,  examined  into  the  allegations  thereof,  and 
agreed  on  a  Report  and  came  to  a  Resolution 


76  Washingtoris 

thereon,  which  he  read  in  his  place,  and  then  de 
livered  in  at  the  table,  where  they  were  again  twice 
read,  and  agreed  to  by  the  House,  as  follow: 

u  It  appears  to  your  Committee  that  the  said  Wil 
liam  Jenkins  has  been  engaged  in  the  service  of  the 
Public,  as  an  Express,  from  the  beginning  of  the  war 
to  this  time;  and  has  during  that  time  been  often 
charged  with  large  sums  of  the  Public  Money,  which 
he  has  faithfully  delivered,  and  in  every  instance  dis 
charged  his  Duty  with  care  and  Fidelity.  It  also  ap 
pears  to  your  Committee,  by  the  oath  of  the  said 
William  Jenkins,  that  in  the  course  of  his  said  service 
he  has  lost  1 1  Horses  and  Mares,  valued  in  the  whole 

to  ^77-H8- 

"  Resolved,  that  the  said  William  Jenkins  ought 
to  be  allowed  some  Compensation  for  his  said  Losses 
for  his  Fidelity  in  the  Execution  of  his  office. 

"  On  Motion  made, 

"Resolved,  that  the  sum  of  ^100  be  paid  by  the 
Public  to  the  said  William  Jenkins  as  a  Compensation 
for  his  Losses  and  services  in  the  said  report  men 
tioned. 

"  Ordered,  that  the  said  Resolve  be  engrosed,  and 
that  Mr.  Richard  Henry  Lee  carry  it  up  to  the  Coun 
cil  for  their  concurrence."  No  further  record  is  found 
in  the  case,  but  it  is  presumed  the  grant  was  made. 

49  Honorable    William     Fairfax   was    Lieutenant- 
Colonel  of  the  County  of  Fairfax.      He  was  at  the 
same   time   a    member   of    the    Governor's   Council. 
[For  sketch    of    his  life    see    p.    15  Journal  of  My 
Journey  Over  the  Mountains.^ 

50  Hon.    Richard    Corbin  of    Laneville,   King  and 
Queen  County,  was  the  receiver  general  for  the  Colony 
of  Virginia  and  a  member  of  the  Governor's  Council, 
being  for  a  time  its  president.     He  was  a  firm  friend 


Journal.  77 

of  the  young  soldier  and  future  statesman,  George 
Washington,  their  families,  according  to  Sparks, 
being  related  by  marriage.  He  was  born  in  Virginia 
about  1708  and  was  living  in  1783.  It  was  known 
that  Mr.  Corbin  warmly  espoused  the  appointment 
of  Washington  as  Lieutenant-Colonel  in  1754.  His 
wife  Elizabeth  was  the  daughter  of  John  Tayloe 
of  "  Mt.  Airy,"  Richmond  county.  \_Brock-Gilmer 
Papers^} 

51  Colonel  Philip  Ludwell,  whose  fine  estate,  "  Green 
Spring,"  was  in  James  City  County,  Va.,  was  a  man 
of  high  character,  held  many  positions  of  trust  and 
honor  in  the  State,  among  them  that  of  County 
Lieutenant  of  his  County.  His  daughter,  Hannah, 
married  Thomas  Lee  and  was  the  happy  mother  of 
the  patriot  brothers —  Richard  Henry,  Francis  Light- 
foot,  Thomas  Ludwell,  William  and  Arthur  Lee. 
\Dinwiddie  Papers,  vol.  i,p.  190.] 

May  27th  Mr.  Gist  arrived  early  in  the  morning, 
who  told  us  that  Mr.  la  Force,  with  fifty  men  whose 
tracks  he  had  seen  five  miles  from  here,  had  been  at 
his  plantation  the  day  before,  towards  noon,  and 
would  have  killed  a  cow,  and  broken  every  thing  in 
the  house,  if  two  Indians,  whom  he  had  left  in  charge 
of  the  house,  had  not  prevented  them  from  carrying 
out  their  design:  I  immediately  detached  65  men 
under  the  command  of  Captain  Hog,  Lieutenant 
Mercer™  Ensign  La  Peronie,  three  Sergeants  and 
three  corporals,  with  instructions.  The  French  had 
made  many  inquiries  at  Mr.  Gist's,  as  to  what  had 


78  Washington! s 

become  of  the  Half-King?  I  did  not  fail  to  let 
several  young  Indians  who  were  in  our  Camp  know 
that  the  French  wanted  to  kill  the  Half-King;  and  it 
had  its  desired  effect.(r)  They  immediately  offered 
to  accompany  our  people  to  go  after  the  French,  and 
if  they  found  it  true  that  he  had  been  killed,  or  even 
insulted  by  them,  one  of  them  would  presently  carry 
the  news  thereof  to  the  Mingo  village,  in  order  to 
incite  their  warriors  to  fall  upon  them.  One  of  these 
young  men  was  detached  towards  Mr.  Gisfs,  and 
in  case  he  should  not  find  the  Half-King  there,  he 
was  to  send  a  message  by  a  Delaware.(s) 

52  Colonel  George  Mercer  was  the  son  of  John 
Mercer,  Esq.,  of  "  Marlborough,"  Stafford  Co.,  Va., 
born  June  23,  1733,  died  in  England  April,  1784. 
He  was  educated  at  "  William  and  Mary  College," 
Virginia,  and  afterward  studied  law.  A  military  life 
had  attraction  for  him  and  he  served  as  a  Lieutenant 
with  Colonel  Washington  in  the  Expedition  to  the 
Ohio  in  1 754,  and  was  with  him  in  the  battle  of  the 
"Great  Meadows,"  as  was  also  his  brother,  John 
Mercer,  who  was  subsequently  killed  by  the  Indians 
at  Fort  Edwards  on  the  Great  Cacapon.  Shortly 
after  the  affair  at  the  Great  Meadows,  George  was 
promoted  to  be  Captain,  and  for  a  time  served  as  aid 
to  Colonel  Washington.  The  names  of  both  George 
and  John  Mercer  are  included  with  the  officers  of 

(r)  Major  Washington  it  seems  did  not  scruple  to  make  use  of  an  imposture,  for  here  he 
takes  pride  in  it. 
(s)  The  name  of  an  Indian  tribe. 


Journal.  79 

Virginia  who  received  the  vote  of  thanks  of  the 
House  of  Burgesses  for  their  courage  and  brave 
defense  in  the  battle  of  the  Great  Meadows.  Cap 
tain  George  was  also  in  the  Battle  of  the  Monongahela 
with  General  Braddock,  was  severely  wounded  and 
was  again  complimented  for  his  bravery.  In'  1756  he 
accompanied  Colonel  Washington  from  Williams- 
burg  to  Boston  on  his  mission  to  General  Shirley  in 
behalf  of  the  rank  of  the  Virginia  military  officers. 
He  was  a  capable  and  intelligent  officer  and  in  1758 
was  promoted  to  be  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the  second 
Virginia  regiment  of  which  Colonel  William  Byrd,  of 
Westover,  was  in  command.  After  the  French  had 
been  driven  from  Fort  Pitt,  he  retired  from  the  ser 
vice  and  in  1761  was  a  member  of  the  House  of 
Burgesses.  In  a  letter  to  a  friend  in  England  about 
1 760,  he  gave  a  very  particular  and  minute  pen  picture 
of  the  personal  appearance  and  prominent  character 
istics  of  Colonel  George  Washington  as  he  appeared 
when  he  took  his  seat  in  the  House  of  Burgesses  in 
1759.  A  copy  of  this  letter  was  in  the  possession  of 
Colonel  Lewis  W.  Washington,  of  Hall  Town,  Jeffer 
son  Co.,  Va.,  in  1855,  and  a  copy  of  the  descriptive  part 
relating  to  General  Washington  made  at  the  time 
by  the  writer.  Colonel  Mercer  had  acquired  con 
siderable  quantities  of  land  on  both  sides  of  Blue 
Ridge.  As  he  resided  much  abroad,  he  had  his  lands 
sold  in  1774  and  5.  George  Washington  became  an 
extensive  purchaser  of  them.  Being  a  man  of  educa 
tion,  good  address  and  business  habits  and  personally 
familiar  with  what  the  Ohio  Company  had  done  to 
secure  settlements  at  the  head  of  the  Ohio,  he  was 
selected  as  the  company's  agent  and  sent  to  England 
in  1763. 


8o  Washingtoris 

The  following  is  a  copy  of  his  Commission  and 
Instruction: 

Stafford  Court  House  [Va]  July 

4th  1 763  ' 
Sir 

From  our  knowledge  of  you,  trusting  in  your  skill, 
abilities  and  address,  do,  the  Members  of  the  Ohio 
Company,  impower  you  to  solicit  for  that  Company, 
according  to  the  following  Instructions: 

You  are  to  proceed,  as  soon  as  convenient,  to  Lon 
don  and  upon  your  arrival  there,  communicate  your 
errand  and  instructions  to  Mr  Dinwiddie  and  Messrs 
Hanburys,  who  are  Members  of  the  Ohio  Company, 
and  will  assist  you  in  every  particular  for  the  general 
advantage  of  the  Company. 

You  are  then  to  apply  to  Charlton  Palmer,  Esq., 
our  present  agent,  with  whom  you  are  to  act  jointly 
to  procure  us  Leave  to  take  up  our  Lands  according 
to  the  terms  mentioned  in  our  Petition  to  his  Majesty, 
which  you  now  have  with  you.  If  this  cannot  be  ob 
tained,  to  endeavor  to  have  us  reimbursed  the  Money 
we  have  spent  on  the  Faith  of  the  late  King's  former 
Grant  to  us.  If  any  Objections  should  be  made  to 
either  or  both  of  those  Points,  you  will  be  able  fully 
to  answer  them  by  our  stated  Case,  which  Mr  Palmer 
has,  and  the  Papers  you  have  with  you. 

It  will  be  of  great  service  to  us  for  you  to  wait 
upon  Lord  Halifax,  and  We  desire  you  to  use  all 
possible  Means  to  get  him  to  be  our  Patron  ;  and  it 
will  be  necessary  to  give  him  a  Copy  of  the  State  of 
our  Case,  and  also  at  the  bottom  of  it  a  Memorandum 
of  what  we  request  now  to  be  done. 

You  will  write  us,  we  hope,  by  every  Opportunity, 
what  you  have  done. 


Journal.  8 1 

At  some  convenient  time  settle  the  Company's  Ac 
count  with  Messrs  Hanburys,  which,  when  done,  in 
form  us  of,  for  our  Guidance. 

It  will  not  be  amiss,  in  your  Transactions  with  the 
great  People  of  Business,  to  say  a  great  Deal  in  as 
few  Words  as  possible,  and  often  to  put  them  in 
Mind  if  they  seem  to  forget  us. 

We  doubt  not  of  your  Economy  in  the  Expenses, 
and  your  Dispatch  in  returning  to  us ;  therefore, 
wishing  you  success  we  have  the  Pleasure  to  be, 

Sir,  your  real  Friends,  &c. 
J.  Mercer  John  Tayloe 

Phil  Lud  Lee  Presley  Thornton 

Thos  Lud  Lee  Lunford  Lomax 

Richard  Lee 
To  Colonel  George  Mercer, 

\From   the   American   Historical  Record,    vol.    3, 

/•  557-] 

His  father  John  Mercer  had  long  been  the  secretary 
of  the  board  and  in  i  760  wrote  out  a  history  of  the 
enterprise  and  a  statement  of  the  condition  of  the 
Company,  to  bring  the  needs  of  the  enterprise  to  the 
attention  of  the  Crown.  Col.  George  Mercer  went  to 
England  but  there  were  adverse  interests  at  work 
though  he  was  hopeful  and  possessed  warm  attach 
ments  for  his  Virginia  friends,  as  the  following  letter 
preserved  among  the  manuscripts  of  the  "  Force  "  col 
lection  in  the  library  of  Congress  shows.  In  the  end 
he  was  not  successful. 

MY  DEAR  SIR. —  As  it  always  gave  me  the  greatest 
pleasure  to  hear  of  a  friend  from  any  friends,  I  am  so 
vain  to  think  it  will  not  be  disagreeable  to  them  to 
hear  of  me;  and  really  I  have  only  the  old  plain  story 
to  tell  you,  that  I  am  well.  As  this  Island  affords  no 
ii 


82  Washington's 

news  at  present,  nor  is  there  any  to  be  expected  except 
the  most  melancholy  accounts  we  receive  from  the 
outer  world,  which  alarms  and  surprises  every  one 
here  much,  but  me  more  especially,  who  knows  every 
scalp,  I  see  described  in  the  papers  as  lost,  every 
House  I  see  burnt  I  remember  to  have  been  in,  and 
every  farm  I  hear  is  deserted!  raises  my  compassion  for 
the  poor  unhappy  proprietor  and  his  little  ones,  help 
less  and  destitute  of  the  means  of  a  support. —  Good 
God  what  has  occasioned  this  general  revolution  of 
those  faithless,  inhuman,  merciless  wretches  ?  When 
or  where  will  it  end  ?  I  know  they  will  and  indeed 
see  by  the  papers  they  have  laid  waste  all  our 
frontiers. 

I  dare  say  you  suspect  that  I  am  so  engaged  here 
in  pleasures  and  so  fond  of  this  country  that  I  am 
quite  happy — but  I  tell  you  the  truth  I  had  rather 
be  at  Winchester  six  months,  than  in  London.  Really 
there  are  many  things  here  remarkably  curious  and 
entertaining,  but  amidst  them  all,  the  true  balm  of 
life  is  wanting.  Friendship  can  only  be  bought  here, 
and  you  must  pay  high  for  the  purchase,  in  short  must 
be  always  laying  out.  I  never  was  more  tired  of  a 
place  in  my  life  nor  ever  liked  my  own  Country  better 
-  you  may  depend  I  shall  see  you  so  soon  as  I  can 
get  my  business  finished. —  I  am  in  hopes  to  obtain 
the  payment  of  the  arrears  due  the  people  in  our 
county  (Frederick)  and  Hampshire  for  the  Cam- 
paignes  under  Generals  Braddock  and  Stanwix,  I  have 
made  push,  and  expect  success  —  it  will  save  them 
about  ;£6,ooo. 

I  have  bought  you  of  \\\e  jemmy  est  swords  London 
could  produce,  and  I  shall  send  it  you  by  the  first  safe 
conveyance — you  should  have  had  it  now,  but  I  did 
not  know  whether  the  Parson  would  carry  it. 


Journal.  83 

The  bearer  hereof  Mr.  Skyvin  is  a  Clergyman 
who  has  been  recomended  to  me  in  the  strongest 
manner  and  he  goes  with  hopes  of  being  received  into 
Frederick  Parish.  As  it  always  will  give  me  plea 
sure,  and  I  shall  think  it  my  duty  to  do  every  thing 
in  my  power  for  the  good  of  my  country  it  will  rejoice 
me  to  hear  of  his  fixing  there,  as  he  is  a  man  of  great 
learning  and  has  an  exceeding  good  moral  character; 
-  I  beg  to  recomend  him  to  your  notice  and  that 
you  will  introduce  him  to  our  friends. 

I  can  not  yet  tell  upon  what  establishment  the 
surveyors  in  N°  America  will  be  put  or  whether  I 
shall  be  one,  should  I  obtain  my  desires  on  this  occa 
sion,  I  dare  say  you  know  I  shall  remember  you.— 

My  best  wishes  attend  all  our  acquaintances.  I 
hope  you  will  tell  them  I  say  so,  and  that  I  am  alive 
and  remember  them. 

I  am  my  Dear  Rutherford 
your  obliged  and  sincere  friend 

LONDON,  Oct.  28,  1763.  GE.°  MERCER. 

written  on  back  of  letter  }    To  Captain  Thomas  Ru 
in  different  handwriting  j  therford. 

In  1 765  he  returned  to  Virginia  with  a  Commission 
as  Collector  for  the  Crown  under  the  stamp  act. 
The  following  letter  and  statement  from  him  to  the 
citizens  of  Williamsburg,  Va.,  which  show  how  he  was 
received  and  the  determined  spirit  of  the  people  to 
resist  the  stamp  tax  are  published  in  the  Pennsylvania 
Magazine  of  History,  vol.  2,  p.  209. 

Account  of  Col.  George  Mercer's  Arrival  in  Vir 
ginia,  and  his  resignation  of  the  office  of  stamp  Dis 
tributor  (see  Pennsylvania  Journal  No.  1197.)  Wil- 
iamsburg  (in  Virginia)  Oct.  31  [1765.] 


84  Washingtoris 

This  week  arrived  in  York  river,  the  Ship  Leeds, 
Capt.  Anderson,  in  9  weeks  from  London,  on  board 
of  which  came  passenger  George  Mercer,  Esq.,  Chief 
Distributor  of  Stamps  for  this  colony.  Yesterday  in 
the  evening  he  arrived  in  this  city,  and  upon  his  walk 
ing  up  street  as  far  as  the  Capitol,  in  his  way  to  the 
Governor's,  was  accosted  by  a  concourse  of  gentle 
men  assembled  from  all  parts  of  the  colony,  the 
General  court  sitting  at  this  time.  They  insisted  he 
should  immediately  satisfy  the  company  (which  con 
stantly  increased)  whether  he  intended  to  act  as  a 
commissioner  under  the  Stamp  Act;  Mr.  Mercer  told 
them  that  any  answer  to  so  important  a  question  that 
he  should  make,  under  such  circumstances,  would  be 
attributed  to  fear  ;  though  he  believed  none  of  his 
countrymen,  as  he  had  never  injured  them,  could 
have  any  design  against  his  person ;  insisted  that  he 
ought  to  be  allowed  to  wait  on  the  Governor  and 
Council,  and  to  receive  a  true  information  of  the  sen 
timents  of  the  colony  (whose  benefit  and  prosperity 
he  had  as  much  at  heart  as  any  man  in  it)  and  that 
he  would,  for  the  satisfaction  of  the  company  then 
assembled,  give  them  his  answer  on  Friday  at  ten 
o'clock.  This  seemed  to  satisfy  them,  and  they  at 
tended  him  up  as  far  as  the  Coffee-House,  where 
the  Governor,  most  of  the  Council,  and  a  great 
number  of  gentlemen  were  assembled  ;  but  soon  after 
many  more  people  got  together,  and  insisted  on  a 
more  speedy  and  satisfactory  answer,  declaring  they 
would  not  depart  without  one.  In  some  time,  upon 
Mr.  Mercer's  promising  them  an  answer  by  five 
o'clock  this  evening,  they  departed  well  pleased  ;  and 
he  met  with  no  further  molestation. 

And  accordingly  he  was  met  this  evening  at  the  capi- 
tol,  and  addressed  himself  to  the  company  as  follows  : 


Journal.  85 

I  now  have  met  you  agreeable  to  yesterday's  prom 
ise,  to  give  my  country  some  assurances  which  I  would 
have  been  glad  I  could  with  any  tolerable  propriety 
have  done  sooner. 

I  flatter  myself  no  judicious  man  can  blame 
me  for  accepting  an  office  under  an  authority  that 
was  never  disputed  by  any  from  whom  I  could  be 
advised  of  the  propriety  or  weight  of  the  objections. 
I  do  acknowledge  that  some  little  time  before  I  left 
England  I  heard  of,  and  saw,  some  resolves  which 
were  said  to  be  made  by  the  House  of  Burgesses  of 
Virginia  ;  but  as  the  authenticity  of  them  was  disputed, 
they  never  appearing  but  in  private  hands,  and  so 
often  and  differently  represented  and  explained  to 
me,  I  determined  to  know  the  real  sentiments  of  my 
countrymen  from  themselves  :  And  I  am  concerned 
to  say  that  those  sentiments  were  so  suddenly  and 
unexpectedly  communicated  to  me,  that  I  was  alto 
gether  unprepared  to  give  an  immediate  answer  upon 
so  important  a  point ;  for  in  however  unpopular  a 
light  I  may  lately  have  been  viewed,  and  notwith 
standing  the  many  insults  I  have  from  this  day's 
conversation  been  informed  were  offered  me  in  effigy 
in  many  parts  of  the  colony  ;  yet  I  still  flatter  myself 
that  time  will  justify  me  ;  and  that  my  conduct  may 
not  be  condemned  after  being  cooly  inquired  into. 

The  commission  so  very  disagreeable  to  my  coun 
trymen  was  solely  obtained  by  the  genteel  recom 
mendation  of  their  representatives  in  General 
Assembly,  unasked  for ;  and  though  this  is  con 
tradictory  to  public  report,  which  I  am  told  charges 
me  with  assisting  the  passage  of  the  Stamp  Act,  upon 
the  promise  of  the  commission  in  this  colony,  yet  I 
hope  it  will  meet  with  credit,  when  I  assure  you  I  was 
so  far  from  assisting  it,  or  having  any  previous 


86  Washingioits 

promise  from  the  Ministry,  that  I  did  not  know  of 
my  appointment  until  some  time  after  my  return  from 
Ireland,  where  I  was  at  the  commencement  of  the 
session  of  Parliament,  and  for  a  long  time  after  the 
act  had  passed. 

Thus,  gentlemen,  am  I  circumstanced.  I  should  be 
glad  to  act  now  in  such  a  manner  as  would  justify  me 
to  my  friends  and  countrymen  here,  and  the  authority 
which  appointed  me;  but  the  time  you  have  allotted 
me  for  my  answer  is  so  very  short  that  I  have  not  yet 
been  able  to  discover  that  happy  medium,  therefore 
must  intreat  you  to  be  referred  to  my  future  conduct, 
with  this  assurance  in  the  mean  time  that  I  will  not, 
directly  or  indirectly,  by  myself  or  deputies,  proceed 
in  the  execution  of  the  act  until  I  receive  further 
orders  from  England,  and  not  then  without  the  assent 
of  the  General  Assembly  of  this  colony;  and  that  no 
man  can  more  ardently  and  sincerely  wish  the  pros 
perity  thereof,  or  is  more  desirous  of  securing  all  its 
just  rights  and  privileges,  than 

Gentlemen,  Yours  &c., 

GEORGE  MERCER. 

Whatever  his  views  as  to  the  law  before  he  arrived 
in  Virginia  may  have  been,  the  people  did  not  permit 
him  to  remain  in  ignorance  of  their  determined  oppo 
sition  to  the  law  and  hostility  to  any  persons  attempt 
ing  to  execute  its  mandates.  He  was  personally 
popular  and  well  known  throughout  Virginia  and  the 
other  Provinces ;  but  the  spirit  of  the  people  was  so 
aroused  as  to  make  it  impossible  for  him  or  any  other 
person  to  discharge  the  duties  of  the  office.  He 
concluded,  therefore,  to  return  to  England.  Before 
doing  so,  however,  he  executed  a  power  of  Attorney 
to  James  Mercer  to  care  for  the  stamped  paper  and 


Journal.  \        8  7 

parchment  and  do  such  other  things  as  he  could 
himself  have  done.  The  following  is  a  copy  of  this 
paper  taken  from  the  American  Historical  Record, 
vol.  3,  P-  557- 

SIR. —  As  I  am  obliged  to  quit  this  Colony  on  Busi 
ness  of  Importance  and  expect  some  consignments  of 
Stamped  Paper  and  Parchment  will  arrive  in  my 
absence,  I  desire  you  will  have  them  immediately  on 
their  Arrival,  properly  secured  for  his  Majesty's  Use 
and  Orders.  And  I  impower  and  require  you  to  do 
and  perform  every  particular  service  as  well  for  the 
security  and  preservation  of  the  said  Stamped  Paper 
and  Parchment  which  may  hereafter  arrive,  or  has 
been  already  imported  for  the  use  of  this  Colony,  as 
for  the  Distribution  of  them  to  the  Country,  if  they 
shall  hereafter  think  them  necessary  and  demand  them 
agreeably  to  the  Act  of  Parliament. 

And  I  do  also  give  you  Power  and  Authority  to 
appoint  one  or  more  Assistants,  as  you  may  find  it 
necessary,  and  to  act  and  do  in  the  said  office  every 
Matter  and  thing  whatsoever  which  I  myself  could 
do  were  I  present,  agreeable  to  the  printed  Instruc 
tions  herewith  given.  And  for  so  doing  this  shall  be 
your  Warrant. 

Given  at  Williamsburgh,  under  My  Hand  and  Seal, 
this  1 8th  day  of  November  1765. 

GEORGE  MERCER.     [L.  s.] 

To  JAMES  MERCER,  Esq.,  of  the  Colony  of  Virginia. 

Through  the  influence  of  Lord  Hillsborough,  he  was 
in  September,  1768, appointed  Lieutenant-Governorof 
North  Carolina.  He  soon  found  the  office  uncongenial 
and  in  a  short  time  retired  from  it  and  returned  to 
England.  Though  twice  married  he  left  no  children. 


88  Washingtoiis 

About  eight  in  the  evening  I  received  an  express 
from  the  Half-King,  who  informed  me,  that,  as  he  was 
coming  to  join  us,  he  had  seen  along  the  road,  the 
tracks  of  two  men,  which  he  had  followed,  till  he  was 
brought  thereby  to  a  low  obscure  place  ;  that  he  was 
of  opinion  the  whole  party  of  the  French  was  hidden 
there.  That  very  moment  I  sent  out  forty  men  and 
ordered  my  ammunition  to  be  put  in  a  place  of  safety, 
fearing  it  to  be  a  stratagem  of  the  French  to  attack 
our  camp;  I  left  a  guard  to  defend  it,  and  with  the 
rest  of  my  men,  set  out  in  a  heavy  rain,  and  in  a 
night  as  dark  as  pitch,  along  a  path  scarce  broad 
enough  for  one  man  ;  we  were  sometimes  fifteen  or 
twenty  minutes  out  of  the  path  before  we  could  come 
to  it  again,  and  we  would  often  strike  against  each 
other  in  the  darkness  :  All  night  along  we  continued 
our  route,  and  on  the  28th  about  sun-rise  we  arrived 
at  the  Indian  camp,  where  after  having  held  a  coun 
cil  with  the  Half-King,  we  concluded  to  attack  them 
together ;  so  we  sent  out  two  men  to  discover  where 
they  were,  as  also  their  posture  and  what  sort  of 
ground  was  thereabout,  after  which  we  prepared  to 
surround  them  (f)  marching  one  after  the  other,  In 
dian  fashion  :  We  had  thus  advanced  pretty  near  to 
them53  when  they  discovered  us ;  I  then  ordered 

(t)  Therefore  certain  it  is  that  the  English  had  orders  to  attack. 


Journal.  89 

my  company  to  fire  ;  my  fire  was  supported  by  that 
of  Mr.  Waggoner54  and  my  company  and  his  received 
the  whole  fire  of  the  French,  during  the  greater  part 
of  the  action,  which  only  lasted  a  quarter  of  an  hour 
before  the  enemy  was  routed. 

53 "  Jumonville's  Camp  and  the  scene  of  the  skir 
mish  in  which  he  lost  his  life,"  says  Mr.  Veech,  "  is  a 
place  well  known  in  the  mountains.  It  is  near  half 
a  mile  southward  of  Dunbar's  Camp  and  about  five 
hundred  yards  eastward  of  Braddock's  road  —  the 
same  which  Washington  was  then  making  *  *  * 
There  is  not  above  ground  in  Fayette  county  a  place 
so  well  calculated  for  concealment  and  for  secretly 
watching  and  counting  Washington's  little  army,  as 
it  would  pass  along  the  road,  as  this  same  Jumonville's 
Camp."  The  spot  is  well  known  and  frequently 
visited  by  tourists  from  motives  of  curiosity. 

54  Captain  Thomas  Waggoner. —  A  family  of  this 
name  was  early  seated  in  Rappahannock  Co.,  Va. 
Branches  of  it  were  among  the  first  settlers  on  the 
South  Branch  and  on  Patterson's  creek  in  Western 
Va.,  where  they  had  two  forts  known  as  Waggoner's 
Fort  and  Waggoner's  Upper  Fort  [see  Letters  of 
Washington\.  Thomas  was  a  Lieutenant  with  Wash 
ington  in  his  expedition  to  the  Ohio  in  1754,  was 
serving  as  Captain  when  Jumonville  was  killed  May 
28th  1754  and  was  slightly  wounded  in  that  skirmish. 
His  name  is  included  with  those  who  received  the 
thanks  of  the  House  of  Burgesses  August  30,  1754, 
for  "  their  gallant  and  brave  conduct"  in  the  campaign. 
Other  members  of  this  family  also  rendered  good 
service  to  their  country.  Ensign  Edmund  Waggoner 

12 


QO  Washington  s 

was  in  the  Ohio  Expedition  Jan.  1755  and  was  killed 
in  Braddock's  defeat.  Andrew  Waggoner  was  among 
the  volunteers  who  received  lands  under  Gov.  Din- 
widdie's  proclamation  for  the  Expedition  of  1754. 
He  served  as  a  Major  and  commanded  a  company  in 
the  Revolution  and  is  especially  noted  for  his  bravery 
at  the  battle  of  Brandywine.  He  was  among  the  early 
settlers  in  the  valley  of  Virginia,  gave  name  to 
the  valley  of  "  Bunker  Hill"  in  Bedford  Co.,  and 
died  there  in  1812.  [Brock  in  Dinwiddie  Papers 
vol.  i,  p.  114.] 

We  killed  (u)  Mr.  de  Jumonville,55the  Commander 
of  that  party,  as  also  nine  others;  we  wounded  one 
and  made  twenty-one  prisoners,  among  whom  were 
M.  la  Force,  M.  Drouillon  M  and  two  cadets.57  The 
Indians  scalped  the  dead  and  took  away  the  greater 
part  of  their  arms,  after  which  we  marched  on  with 
the  prisoners  under  guard  to  the  Indian  camp,  where 
I  again  held  a  council  with  the  Half -King,  and  there 
informed  him  that  the  Governor  was  desirous  to  see 
him,  and  was  expecting  him  at  Winchester;  he  an 
swered  that  he  could  not  go  just  then,  as  his  people 
were  in  too  imminent  danger  from  the  French  whom 
they  had  attacked  (v);  that  he  must  send  runners  to 
all  the  allied  nations,  in  order  to  invite  them  to 
take  up  the  Hatchet.  He  sent  a  young  Dela- 

(»)  Major  Washington  takes  care  here  not  to  give  a  faithful  account;  but  the  endeavour 
he  makes  to  justify  himself  will  be  seen  hereafter,  as  will  his  efforts  to  shake  off  the  re 
morse  that  he  must  have  felt. 

(v)  The  French  therefore  were  feared  only  because  it  was  known  that  they  had  been 
attacked,  and  they  would  certainly  avenge  themselves. 


Journal.  9 1 

ware  Indian  to  the  Delaware  Nation  and  gave 
him  also  a  French  scalp,  to  carry  to  them.  This 
man  desired  to  have  a  part  of  the  presents  which 
were  allotted  to  them,  but  the  remaining  part,  he 
said,  might  be  kept  for  another  opportunity.  He 
said  he  would  go  to  his  own  family,  and  to  several 
others,  to  bring  them  to  Mr.  Gisfs,  whither  he  de 
sired  me  to  send  men  and  horses  to  assist  them  in 
coming  to  our  camp.  After  this  I  marched  on  with 
the  prisoners.  They  informed  me  that  they  had 
been  sent  with  a  summons  to  order  me  to  retire.  A 
plausible  pretence  to  discover  our  camp  (w)  and 
to  obtain  knowledge  of  our  forces  and  our  situa 
tion  !  It  was  so  clear  that  they  were  come  to  recon- 
noiter  what  we  were,  that  I  admired  their  assurance, 
when  they  told  me  they  were  come  as  an  Embassy; 
their  instructions  were  to  get  what  knowledge  they 
could  of  the  roads,  rivers,  and  all  the  country  as  far 
as  the  Potomac;  and  instead  of  coming  as  an  Em- 
bassador,  publicly  and  in  an  open  manner,  they  came 
secretly,  and  sought  the  most  hidden  retreats  (x) 
more  suitable  for  deserters  than  for  Embassadors; 
they  encamped  there  and  remained  hidden  for  whole 
days  together,  at  a  distance  of  not  more  than  five 

(w)  Thus  the  only  hostility  the  French  can  be  reproached  with  is  the  endeavoring  to 
discover  an  enemy  who  was  marching  with  orders  to  attack  them. 

(x)  Why  this  apology  in  a  mere  journal  ?  Major  Washington  only  mentions  such  re 
proaches,  as  knowing  others  have  a  right  to  reproach  him  in  like  manner. 


92  Washingtoris 

miles  from  us  ;  they  sent  spies  to  reconnoiter  our 
camp;  the  whole  body  turned  back  2  miles;  they 
sent  the  two  messengers  mentioned  in  the  instruc 
tion,  to  inform  M.  de  Contrecceur  of  the  place  where 
we  were,  and  of  our  disposition,  that  he  might  send 
his  detachments  to  enforce  (r)  the  summons  as  soon 
as  it  should  be  given. 

55  Ensign  M.  de  Jumonville  was  a  half-brother  of 
M.  Coulon  de  Villiers.  He  was  in  the  French  military 
service  at  Fort  Duquesne  in  1754  under  Captain 
Commander-in-Chief  of  Marines,  M.  de  Contrecceur, 
of  His  Majesty's  troops  on  the  Ohio.  Under  instruc 
tions  at  Fort  Duquesne,  May  23,  1754,  he  was  sent 
with  a  small  force  (according  to  French  accounts)  of 
one  officer,  three  cadets,  one  volunteer  (M.  la  Force), 
one  English  interpreter  and  twenty-eight  men  to 
scout  the  country  along  the  headwaters  of  the  Monon- 
gahela  to  the  crest  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and 
to  deliver  a  summons  to  any  English  he  might  meet 
to  depart  from  French  Territory.  At  the  same  time, 
he  had  instructions  to  observe  and  report  everything 
to  M.  de  Contrecceur  before  the  summons  was  served 
on  the  English.  Washington  knew  nothing  of  the 
summons,  but  by  his  vigilance  and  enterprise  with 
scouts  had  discovered  de  Jumonville's  camp  and  sur 
prised  him  and  his  forces.  In  the  skirmish  which 
ensued  May  28,  de  Jumonville  and  ten  of  his  men 
were  killed  and  twenty-one  taken  prisoners,  among 

(y)  A  plan  is  here  attributed  to  the  French,  which,  however,  shows  only  regular  pro 
ceedings.  It  was  proper  to  summon  the  English  to  withdraw  from  the  territories  they  had 
invaded,  before  driving  them  out.  An  Embassador  makes  this  summons,  and  it  was  his 
duty  to  acquaint  the  person  who  sent  him  with  whatever  was  done,  so  that,  in  case  the 
English  should  refuse  to  comply  with  his  demands,  he  might  take  his  measures  accord 
ingly- 


Journal.  93 

whom  was  M.  la  Force.  The  prisoners  were  all  sent, 
under  a  guard,  to  the  Governor  of  Virginia.  They 
set  up  the  claim  to  the  Governor  as  they  had  done 
to  Washington,  that  they  were  on  a  mission  of  peace, 
but  this  was  not  evidenced  by  their  behavior,  nor 
by  the  orders  to  de  Jumonville  accompanying  the 
summons,  both  of  which  documents  were  found 
upon  this  officer's  person.  Parkman,  in  a  note  on 
France  and  England,  vol.  i,  p.  151,  says:  "  In  1755 
the  widow  of  Jumonville  received  a  pension  of  one 
hundred  and  fifty  francs.  In  1775  his  daughter 
Charlotte  Aimable,  wishing  to  become  a  nun,  was 
given  by  the  King  six  hundred  francs  for  her 
'  trousseau  '  on  entering  the  convent." 

56  Monsieur  Drouillon,  a  French  officer  of  the  rank 
of  Major,  was  taken  prisoner  in  the  skirmish  between 
de  Jumonville  and  Colonel  Washington,  near  the 
Great  Meadows,  May  28,  1 754.  Governor  Dinwiddie 
in  a  letter  to  Sir  Thomas  Robinson  of  October  i,  1 755, 
writes  of  him  as  follows:  "  I  gave  him  his  enlarge 
ment  in  Williamsburg  and  allowed  him  ios.  per 
week  and  the  cadets  7s.  6d.  each;  it  was  thought 
proper  to  move  him  and  the  other  prisoners  to  Win 
chester,  and  from  there  to  Alexandria,  the  privet 
men  in  confinement,  and  he  and  the  cadets  at  present 
lodgings,  and  when  winter  approached,  he  and  the 
other  prisoners  wanted  clothes,  I  ordered  them  all 
proper  clothing,"  They  remained  at  Alexandria  until 
the  arrival  of  General  Braddock'sarmy.  The  privates 
were  sent  on  transports,  two  on  a  vessel,  to  England, 
"as  Sieur  Drouillon  said,  he  was  an  officer  I  sent 
him,  the  two  cadets  and  a  servant  to  Hampton  to  be 
sent  passengers  on  board  any  ship  bound  for  Britain, 
which  was  accordingly  done,  and  I  p'd  20^  for  their 
passage."  \Brock  in  Dinwiddie  Papers,  vol.  i, /.  227.] 


94  Washingtoris 

57  Cadets  were  young  volunteers  serving  in  military 
establishments  and  expeditions  not  only  for  the  love 
of  the  service,  but  also  in  expectation  of  commissions 
as  opportunities  offered.  The  names  of  these  French 
cadets  were  M.  de  Boucherville  and  M.  du  Sable. 

Besides,  an  Embassador  has  princely  attendants, 
whereas  this  was  only  a  simple  petty  French  officer, 
an  Embassador  has  no  need  of  spies,  his  person  being 
always  sacred  :  and  seeing  their  intention  was  so  good, 
why  did  they  tarry  two  days  at  five  miles'  distance 
from  us  (z)  without  acquainting  me  with  the  summons, 
or  at  least,  with  something  that  related  to  the  Em 
bassy  ?  That  alone  would  be  sufficient  to  excite 
the  strongest  suspicions,  and  we  must  do  them 
the  justice  to  say,  that,  as  they  wanted  to  hide  them 
selves,  they  could  not  have  picked  out  better  places 
than  they  had  done.  The  summons  was  so  insolent, 
and  savored  of  so  much  Gasconade,  that  if  it  had 
been  brought  openly  by  two  men  it  would  have  been 
an  excessive  Indulgence  to  have  suffered  them  to 
return.  (#<z)58 

^PAPERS  FOUND  ON  DE  JUMONVILLE'S  PERSON  AFTER 

THE  SKIRMISH. 
Copy  of  the  Orders  given   by  M.  de  Contrecceur  to  M. 

de  Jumonville  May  2  3d,  1754. 

"  We,  Captain  of  a  Company  belonging  to  the 
detachment  of  Marines,  Commander-in-chief  at  the 

(z)  M.  de  Jumonville  knew  not  that  the  English  were  five  miles  off. 
(aa)  Another  kind  of  apology  which  only  shows  his  remorse. 


Journal.  95 

Ohio  River,  Fort  Du  Quesne,  the  Peninsula  and  Ox 
River,  have  given  orders  to  M.  de  Jumonville,  an 
Ensign  of  the  Troops,  to  depart  imediately,  with 
one  officer,  three  cadets,  one  volunteer,  one  English 
interpreter,  and  twenty-eight  men,  to  go  up  as  far  as 
the  High-Lands;  he  shall  keep  along  the  Mohonga- 
hela  river  in  perogues  as  far  as  the  Hangard;  after 
which  he  shall  march  along  until  he  finds  the  road 
which  leads  to  that  which  is  said  to  have  been  Cleared 
by  the  English.  As  the  Indians  give  out  that  the 
English  are  on  their  march  to  attack  us  (which  we 
cannot  believe,  since  we  are  at  peace),  but  should  M. 
de  Jumonville,  contrary  to  our  expectation,  hear  of 
any  attempt  intended  to  be  made  by  the  English  on 
the  lands  belonging  to  the  King,  he  shall  ime 
diately  go  to  them,  and  deliver  them  the  Summons 
which  we  have  given  him. 

"  We  further  charge  him  to  dispatch  a  speedy  mes 
senger  to  us,  before  the  summons  be  read,  to  acquaint 
us  of  all  the  discoveries  he  hath  made,  of  the  day  he 
intends  to  read  them  the  summons,  and  also,  to  bring 
us  an  answer  from  them,  with  all  possible  diligence, 
after  it  is  read. 

"  If  M.  de  Jumonville  shall  hear  that  the  English 
intend  to  go  on  the  other  side  of  the  Great  Moun 
tain,*  he  shall  not  pass  the  High-Lands,  for  we  would 
not  disturb  them  in  the  least,  being  desirous  to 
keep  up  the  union  which  exists  between  the  two 
Crowns. 

j£j"  We  charge  M.  de  Jumonville  to  stand  upon  his 
guard  against  any  surprise  either  from  the  English 
or  Indians.  If  he  meets  any  Indians  he  shall  tell 
them  he  is  travilling  about  to  see  what  is  transacting 

*The  Appalachian  Mountain. 


96  Washingtoris 

in  the  King's  Territories,  and  to  take  notice  of  the  dif 
ferent  roads  and  shall  show  them  friendship. 

"  CONTRECOEUR. 

"  Done  at  the  Camp  at  Fort  Du  Quesne  the  23d 
of  May,  1754." 

A  copy  of  the  Summons  whereof  M.  de  Jumonville  was 

the  Bearer. 

"  A  summons  which  shall  be  read  by  M.  de  Jumon 
ville,  an  officer  of  the  troops  of  the  most  Christian 
King,  to  the  Commander  of  the  English  troops,  if  he 
shall  find  any  on  the  Territories  of  the  King. 

"  SIR  : 

The  Indians  have  already  informed  me  that  you 
are  coming  openly  and  armed  on  the  territories  of 
the  King  my  Master,  though  I  cannot  believe  it  ; 
but  as  it  is  my  duty  to  neglect  nothing  in  order  to 
discover  exactly  the  truth  thereof,  I  have  sent  out 
M.  de  Jumonville  to  see  for  himself;  and  in  case  he 
shall  see  you,  to  summon  you  in  the  King's  name, 
and  by  virtue  of  the  orders  which  I  have  received 
from  him  through  my  General,  to  depart  forthwith 
peaceably  with  your  troops  ;  should  you  refuse,  you 
would  oblige  me,  sir,  to  force  you  thereto,  by  using 
all  means  that  I  should  consider  most  effective  for 
the  honor  of  the  King's  arms.  The  sale  of  the  lands 
on  the  Ohio  river  by  the  Indians  gave  you  so  weak  a 
title  to  them  that  I  shall  be  obliged  to  repel  force  by 
force.  I  forewarn  you,  that  if,  after  this  summons, 
which  shall  be  the  last,  there  be  any  act  of  hostility, 
you  shall  answer  for  it,  as  it  is  our  intention  to  keep 
up  the  union  existing  between  two  friendly  Princes. 
Whatever  your  plans  may  be,  I  hope,  sir,  you  will 
shew  M.  de  Jumonville  all  the  respect  that  officer  de- 


Journal.  97 

serves,  and  that  you  will  send  him  back  to  me  again 
with  all  speed,  to  acquaint  me  with  your  intentions. 

"  I  am,  &c., 

"  (Signed)  CONTRECCEUR. 

"  Done  at  the  Camp  at  Fort  Du  Quesne,  the  23d 
of  May,  1754."  [Translation  as  given  in  Memoir 
Contenant  le  precis  des  fails,  &c.,  1756,^.  68.] 

It  was  the  Opinion  of  the  Half -King  in  this  case 
that  their  intentions  were  evil  (bb)  and  that  it  was 
pure  pretence;  that  they  had  never  intended  to  come 
to  us  otherwise  than  as  enemies,  and  if  we  had  been 
such  fools  as  to  let  them  go  they  would  never  have 
helped  us  to  take  any  other  Frenchmen. 

They  say  they  called  to  us  as  soon  as  they  had 
discovered  us;  which  is  an  absolute  falsehood,  for  I 
was  then  marching  at  the  head  of  the  company  go 
ing  towards  them,  and  can  positively  affirm,  that, 
when  they  first  saw  us,  they  ran  to  their  arms,  with 
out  calling,  as  I  must  have  heard  them  had  they  so 
done. 

May  29th.  Dispatched  Ensign  Towers59  to  the 
Half-King  with  about  twenty-five  men,  and  almost  as 
many  horses;  and  as  I  expected  that  some  French 
parties  would  immediately  follow  that  which  we  had 
defeated,  I  sent  an  Express  to  Colonel  Fry  for  a 
reinforcement. 

(bb)  What  authority  ? 
13 


98  Washingtoris 

59  Lieutenant  James  Towers  —  the  name  is  occasion 
ally  written  Towner.     The  representatives  of  James 
Towner,  deceased,  as  the   name    is  written,  received 
6,000   acres    of    land   under    Governor   Dinwiddie's 
proclamation  \see    Washington! s  Letter,  November  5, 
1772.]     The  person  meant  is  James  Towers,  as  given 
in  a  letter  of  Governor  Dinwiddie's  to  Colonel  Adam 
Stephen,  December  20,  1754,  and  also  a  letter  of  the 
same  date  to   Lieutenant   James  Towers,   accepting 
his  resignation,  but  regretting  his  intention  to  retire 
from   the  service.     \Brock  in  Dinwiddie  Papers,  vol. 
\,pp.  443-4-] 

After  this  the  French  prisoners  desired  to  speak 
with  me,  and  asked  me  in  what  manner  I  looked 
upon  them,  whether  as  the  attendants  of  an  Embas- 
sador,  or  as  prisoners  of  war.  I  answered  them 
that  it  was  in  the  quality  of  the  latter,  and  gave  them 
my  reasons  for  it,  as  above. 

May  3Oth  Detached  Lieutenant  West,  and  Mr. 
Spiltdorph,m  to  take  the  prisoners  to  Winchester  with 
a  guard  of  twenty  men.  Began  to  erect  a  fort  with 
small  palisades,  fearing  that  when  the  French  should 
hear  the  news  of  that  defeat  we  might  be  attacked 
by  considerable  forces. 

60  Carolus  Gustavus  de  Spiltdorph  and  "  the  Swedish 
gentleman  "  are  presumed  to  be  the  same,  a  sketch  of 
whom  is  given  in  note  1 1,  p.  26. 

June  Ist  An  Indian  trader  arrived  here  with  the 
Half -King.  They  said  that  when  Mr.  de  Jumonville 


JoitrnaL  99 

was  sent  here  another  party  had  been  detached 
towards  the  lower  part  of  the  river  (cc)  in  order  to 
take  and  kill  all  the  English  they  should  meet. 

We  are  finishing  our  Fort.  Towards  night  Ensign 
Towers  arrived  with  the  Half-King,  Aliquippa  (dd)^ 
and  about  twenty-five  or  thirty  families,  making  in 
all  about  eighty  or  one  hundred  persons,  including 
women  and  children.  The  old  King  (ee)  being  in 
vited  to  come  into  our  tents,  told  me  that  he  had 
sent  Monakatoocha62  to  Logs-town63  with  wampum, 
and  four  French  scalps,  which  were  to  be  sent  to 
the  Six  Nations,  to  the  Wiandots,  etc.  to  inform  them, 
that  they  had  fallen  upon  the  French  and  to  ask  their 
assistance  to  enable  them  to  maintain  the  advan 
tage  gained. 

61  Aliquippa  was  a  female  Sachem  whom  the  English 
denominated  "  Queen  Aliquippa."  She  belonged  to 
the  Delawares  and  resided  in  a  somewhat  pretentious 
wigwam  at  the  junction  of  the  Youghiogheny  and 
Monongahela  rivers,  the  present  site  of  McKeesport. 
She  was  a  woman  of  courage  and  more  than  usual 
address,  with  considerable  knowledge  of  her  people 
and  much  respected  by  them.  Washington  visited 
her  on  returning  from  his  interview  with  the  French 
Commander  at  Fort  Le  Bceuf  in  1753,  and  made 
her  a  present  of  a  Match  coat.  At  a  later  period  he 
gave  to  her  son  one  of  the  medals  furnished  by  the 

(cc)  An  egregious  falsehood  by  the  English. 

(dd)  An  Indian  Squaw  created  a  Queen  by  the  English. 

(ee)  Another  Indian  chief. 


ioo  Washington  s 

Governor  of  Virginia  for  distribution  to  influential, 
friendly  Indians.  With  this  decoration  Washington 
also  gave  him  the  name  of  "  Fairfax."  After  this 
Aliquippa's  son  was  admitted  to  the  Indian  councils. 
An  early  Land  Patent  of  Pennsylvania  makes  refer 
ence  to  its  adjoining  Aliquippa's  town. 

62Monacatoocha,  or  Monacatootha,  known  in  1748 
as  Scarroyadda  and  earlier  as  Skowoniatta,  was  an 
Oneida  chief  of  one  of  the  mixed  bands  of  the  Six 
Nations  which  in  1754  and  for  some  time  previous 
lived  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Ohio.  These  people 
were  accustomed  to  choose  from  their  number  a  ruler 
or  chief,  whom  through  European  influence,  they 
termed  Half-King.  Tanacharison,  the  friendly  Half- 
King,  who  died  at  Aughquick,  Pa.,  in  1754,  had  been 
chosen  in  this  way.  Governor  Dinwiddie  wrote  a 
friendly  letter  to  Monacatootha  in  the  spring  of  1754, 
on  the  subject  of  the  French  encroachments  and  the 
support  the  Indians  were  expected  to  give  the  English 
in  driving  the  French  away  from  the  forks  of  the 
Ohio.  \See  Dinwiddie  Papers,  vol.  i,p.  57].  In  the 
winter  of  1754-5  this  chief  was  sent  by  his  people  to 
Onondagua  to  learn  the  views  of  the  Confederation  on 
the  expected  troubles,  and  it  was  about  this  time  he 
was  named  Half-King.  He  served  in  the  Expedition 
of  Braddock,  at  whose  defeat  his  son  was  killed.  His 
services  to  the  English  as  Scarroyadda  were  acknowl 
edged  by  Governor  Morris,  at  Philadelphia,  in  August, 
1755.  [Pa.  Col.  R.,  vol.  vi,  p.  524.]  \Sargenfs 
Braddock  173-4.] 

63  Logstown  was  a  small  French  and  Indian  village 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ohio  River,  about 
17  miles  below  Pittsburg.  It  consisted  of  a  cluster 
of  log  houses  built  by  the  French,  for  the  In 
dians,  as  early  as  1 750,  or  probably  before  that  date. 


Journal.  101 

The  Indian  name  for  the  town  was  Chininque,  and 
here  the  natives  held  many  conferences  among  them 
selves  and  also  made  treaties  with  the  whites.  By 
local  historians  there  has  been  some  contrariety  of 
opinion  as  to  the  exact  location  of  Logstown.  Ensign 
Edward  Ward,  in  a  deposition  relative  to  the  opera 
tions  of  Captain  Trent's  Virginia  forces  at  the  forks  in 
the  spring  of  1 754  and  his  efforts  to  build  a  fort  there, 
makes  the  following  declaration  :  "The  Shawanese 
inhabited  Logstown  on  the  West  side  of  the  Ohio,  and 
tended  corn  on  the  East  side  of  the  river.  [See 
Calendar  of  Virginia  State  Paper -s.~\  Mr.  Craig  in 
his  history  of  Pittsburg  concludes  it  was  on  the  right 
bank  "  immediately  above  the  run,  below  which,  it  is 
well  known,  Legionville  stood;  while  Croghan  in  his 
journal  places  it  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Ohio 
River. 

He  also  told  me  he  had  something  to  say  at  the 
council,  but  would  wait  till  the  arrival  of  the  Shaw 
anese,  whom  we  expected  next  morning. 

June  2nd  Two  or  three  families  of  the  Shawanese 
and  Loups  arrived:  we  had  prayers  in  the  Fort. 

June  3d  The  Half-King  assembled  the  council  and 
informed  me  that  he  had  received  a  speech  from 
Grand-Chaudiere  (Big  Kettle)  in  answer  to  the 
one  he  had  sent  him. 

June  5th  An  Indian  arrived  from  the  Ohio,  who 
had  lately  been  at  the  French  Fort.  This  Indian 
confirms  the  News  of  two  Traders  being  taken  by 
the  French,  and  sent  to  Canada,  he  says  they  have 


IO2  Washington's 

set  up  their  palisades  and  enclosed  their  fort  with 
exceeding  large  trees. 

There  are  eight  Indian  families  on  this  side  of  the 
river,  coming  to  join  us.  He  met  a  Frenchman  who 
had  made  his  escape  in  the  time  of  M.  de  Jumonville's 
action ;  he  was  without  either  shoes  or  stockings, 
and  scarce  able  to  walk ;  however  he  let  him  pass, 
not  knowing  that  they  had  been  attacked. 

June  6th  Mr.  Gist  is  returned,  and  acquaints  me  of 
the  death  of  poor  Colonel  Fry,  and  of  the  safe  arrival 
of  the  French  prisoners  at  Winchester,  which  was  the 
cause  of  great  satisfaction  to  the  Governor. 

I  am  also  informed  that  Mr.  Montour  (//O64  is  com 
ing  with  a  commission  to  command  two  hundred 
Indians.  Mr.  Gist  met  a  French  deserter,  who  assured 
him  that  there  were  only  five  hundred  men  when 
they  took  Mr.  Ward's  Fort,  that  they  were  now  less, 
fifteen  men  having  been  sent  to  Canada  to  acquaint 
the  Governor  of  their  success.  That  there  were  yet 
two  hundred  soldiers  who  were  only  waiting  for  a 
favorable  opportunity  to  come  and  join  us. 

64  Captain  Andrew  Montour,  a  Canadian  Half-breed, 
was  employed  by  the  Virginians  as  an  interpreter  with 
the  Indians  and  also  with  the  French.  He  was  the 
eldest  son  of  Madam  Montour,  the  daughter  of  a 

(fj)  This  is  the  Canadian  deserter  mentioned  in  the  Examination  of  the  four  English 
Traders. 


Journal.  103 

Frenchman  named  Montour  and  a  Huron  Indian 
woman.  Madam  Montour,  it  is  asserted,  had  received 
some  education  and  was  possessed  of  great  strength  of 
character.  She  was  partial  to  the  English  and  was  de 
voted  through  her  whole  life,  to  the  interests  of  the 
whites.  Her  services  became  so  important  to  the 
English  interests,  that  the  Commissioner  of  Indian 
Affairs  for  New  York  promised  that  thereafter  [i  719] 
she  should  receive  "  a  man's  pay  from  the  proper  offi 
cers  of  the  four  Independent  Companies  posted  in  the 
province."  \Letter  Commission  of  Indian  Affairs  to 
President  Schuyler,  September  25,1719.]  Her  husband 
was  an  Indian  chief  of  the  Oneida  tribe,  whose  Indian 
name  was  Corondawana  —  alias,  Robert  Hunter. 
They  had  four,  possibly  five,  children,  three  sons  and 
a  daughter.  Captain  Andrew  was  a  man  of  intelligence 
and  some  education,  although  a  letter  of  his  to  the 
Governor  of  Pennsylvania,  July  21,  1754,  is  signed  by 
a  mark  instead  of  a  signature.  The  Captain  married 
for  his  first  wife  the  granddaughter  of  Allum- 
mapees,  chief  of  the  Delawares.  Their  son,  John 
Montour,  in  1782  commanded  a  company  of  Dela 
ware  Indians  on  the  side  of  the  Americans  in  the 
Revolution,  and  acquitted  himself  with  credit.  Henry 
Montour,  a  brother  of  Andrew's,  was  also  a  trader 
and  interpreter  and  was  much  employed  about  Pitts- 
burg  by  the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania  in  dealing 
with  the  Indians.  He  resided  on  and  claimed  all,  or  a 
part,  of  "  Montour's  Island,"  just  below  Pittsburg. 
The  island  from  this  fact  was  long  known  by 
his  name,  though  of  late,  it  is  designated  Nevill's 
Island.  The  home  of  Madam  Montour,  for  at  least 
a  considerable  time,  was  at  the  head  of  Seneca  Lake 
and  on  the  waters  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  above 
Shomokin  or  within  the  Territory  of  the  present 


1 04  Washingtoris 

county  of  Montour,  at  French  town  now  Montour- 
ville,  Lycoming  County,  Pennsylvania.  The  name 
has  become  permanently  fixed  in  the  geographical 
history  of  Pennsylvania,  in"  Montour  Ridges,"  islands, 
towns,  townships  and  a  county  ;  and  deservedly  so, 
for  they  were  noted  and  worthy  characters  in  their 
way  and  much  above  their  associates.  Governor 
Dinwiddie  in  a  letter  to  Thomas  Cresap,  July  23, 
1752,  writes  as  follows  of  Captain  Andrew  Mon 
tour:  "I  shall  be  glad  if  Mr.  Montour  will  de 
termine  to  live  in  Virginia,  that  we  may  hereafter 
have  an  interpreter  in  our  own  province  on  any  occa 
sion  we  may  have  to  do  with  the  Indians;  and  there 
fore  desire  you  will  prevail  with  him  to  be  at  your 
house  when  the  Commissioners  come  to  go  with  the 
goods  to  Logstown."  Captain  Andrew  Montour 
joined  Washington  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
on  the  9th  of  June,  with  a  Captain's  commission  to  com 
mand  some  friendly  Indians  as  scouts.  [See  Governor 
Dinwiddie s  Letter,  June  18,  1754.]  His  services  as 
interpreter  were  especially  valued  by  Washington, 
surrounded  as  he  was  by  French  and  I  ndians.  Captain 
Montour  was  also  in  the  Braddock  Expedition  and  con 
tinued  with  Washington  in  1 756-7.  He  took  up  some 
land  in  Virginia  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Cumberland. 
Governor  Dinwiddie  in  a  letter  to  Colonel  Innes, 
May  10,  1755,  recognizes  the  justice  of  his  claim. 
Andrew  and  Henry  received  large  grants  of  <l  Dona 
tion  Lands  "  from  Pennsylvania  on  the  Chillisquaque 
and  on  the  Loyal  Sock,  branches  of  the  Susquehanna. 
Zinzendorf,  the  Moravian,  has  left  the  following  pen 
picture  of  Captain  Andrew  Montour,  quoted  by  Park- 
man  :  "  His  face  is  like  that  of  a  European,  but 
marked  with  a  broad  Indian  ring  of  bear's  grease  and 
paint  drawn  completely  around  it.  He  wears  a  coat 


Journal.  105 

of  fine  cloth  of  cinnamon  color,  a  black  neck-tie  with 
silver  spangles,  a  red  waistcoat,  trousers,  over  which 
hangs  his  shirt,  shoes,  and  stockings,  a  hat  and  brass 
ornaments,  something  like  the  handle  of  a  basket, 
suspended  from  his  ears." 

June  9th  The  last  body  of  the  Virginia  regiment, 
arrived  under  the  command  of  Colonel  Muse,65  and 
we  learnt  that  the  independent  company  of  Carolina 
was  arrived  at  WilFs-Creek. 

65  Major  George  Muse  of  Caroline  county,  Virginia, 
had  seen  some  service  during  the  Expedition  against 
Carthagena  in  the  regiment  raised  in  Virginia  and 
commanded  by  Colonel  Spotswood,  the  same  in 
which  Major  Lawrence  Washington  served  under 
command  of  Admiral  Vernon.  Major  Muse  returned 
to  Virginia  and  held  one  of  the  four  Adjutant-Majors' 
commissions  into  which  the  Militia  of  the  Province 
was  divided.  It  is  said  that  at  one  time  he  was  an 
instructor  in  military  tactics  to  George  Washington. 
Governor  Dinwiddie  appointed  him  Major  of  the  Vir 
ginia  regiment  in  the  spring  of  1754  and  expected 
valuable  services  from  him.  On  the  death  of  Colonel 
Joshua  Fry,  which  brought  promotion  to  Colonel 
Washington,  Major  Muse  was  made  June  4th  Lieu 
tenant-Colonel  of  the  regiment.  He  joined  Wash 
ington  on  the  9th,  but  soon  fell  into  discredit 
from  some  want  of  promptness  or  courage,  so  that 
his  name  was  omitted  from  the  list  of  officers  com 
plimented  by  the  House  of  Burgesses  "  for  their 
gallant  and  brave  behaviour "  in  the  battle  of  the 
Great  Meadows.  His  claim  to  land  under  the 
proclamation  of  Governor  Dinwiddie  was,  however, 
14 


io6  Washington 's 

recognized,  and  he  received  3,500  acres.  Dissatisfied 
with  the  share  assigned  him,  he  wrote  somewhat 
rudely  to  Washington  on  the  subject.  His  letter  has 
not  been  preserved,  but  Washington's  spirited  reply 
has  been,  and  will  appear  in  its  chronological  place. 
Governor  Dinwiddie  in  a  letter  to  Colonel  Innes, 
July  20,  1754,  says:  u  Colonel  Muse  desires  leave 
to  resign  his  com'd,  as  he  is  not  very  agreeable  to  the 
other  officers,  I  am  well  pleas'd  at  his  resignat'n, 
and  have  now  sent  you  ten  blank  Corn's  to  be  filled 
up  properly  ;  take  the  advice  of  Colo.  W.,  in  this 
affair,  as  they  must  be  filled  up  from  their  own  corps." 

June  ioth.  I  received  the  regiment,  and  in  the  even 
ing  had  notice,  that  some  French  were  advancing 
towards  us  ;  whereupon  I  sent  a  party  of  Indians 
upon  the  scout  towards  Gist's,  in  order  to  discover 
them,  and  to  know  their  number:  just  before  night 
we  had  an  alarm,  but  it  proved  false. 

June  12th.  Two  of  the  men  whom  we  had  sent  out 
yesterday  upon  the  scout,  returned;  they  had  discov 
ered  a  small  party  of  French;  the  others  went  on  as 
far  as  Stuarfs.m  Upon  this  advice,  I  thought  it 
necessary  to  march  with  the  major  part  of  the  regi 
ment,  to  find  out  those  ninety  men,  of  whom  we  had 
intelligence.  Accordingly  I  gave  orders  to  Colonel 
Muse,  to  put  away  all  our  baggage  and  ammunition, 
and  to  place  them  in  the  Fort,  and  set  a  good  guard 
there  till  my  return  ;  after  which  I  marched  at  the 


Journal.  107 

head  of  one  hundred  and  thirty  men  and  about  thirty 
Indians,  but  at  the  distance  of  half  a  mile  I  met  the 
other  Indians,  who  told  me,  there  were  only  nine 
deserters;  whereupon  I  sent  Mr.  Montour,  with  some 
few  Indians,  in  order  to  bring  them  in,  in  safety.  I 
caused  them  to  be  clothed,  and  they  confirmed  us  in 
our  opinion  of  the  intention  of  M.  de  Jumonville's 
party;  that  more  than  one  hundred  soldiers  were 
only  waiting  for  a  favorable  opportunity  to  come  and 
join  us;  that  M.  de  Contrecceur  expected  a  reinforce 
ment  of  four  hundred  men;  and  that  these  four  hun 
dred  men  must  have  arrived  before  the  attack  made 
on  la  Force;  that  the  fort  was  completed;  that  its 
front  and  gates  were  protected  against  an  attack  by 
artillery ;  that  there  was  a  double  palisade  next  to 
the  water;  that  they  have  only  eight  small  pieces  of 
cannon,  and  know  what  number  of  men  we  are. 

66  Stewart's  Crossing  of  the  Youghiogheny  river  was 
about  one  mile  below  the  present  town  of  Connells- 
ville,  in  Fayette  county,  Pa,  A  ford  at  low  water  and  a 
ferry  at  high  water,  it  was  on  the  line  of  the  early 
Indian  trail  or  path,  and  bore  the  name  of  Stewart's 
Crossing  as  early  as,  or  before,  1753.  It  was  at  this 
ford,  that  Braddock's  army  crossed  in  1755. 

They  also  informed  us  that  the  Delawares  and 
Shawanese  had  (gg)  taken  up  the  hatchet  against 

Cfif)  This  was  the  effect  of  the  indignation  the  murder  of  M.  de  Jumonville  had  caused. 


io8  Washington's 

us;  whereupon  we  resolved  to  invite  those  two  Na 
tions  to  come  to  a  council  at  Mr.  Gist's.  Sent  for 
the  purpose  messengers  and  Wampum. 

June  13th.  Induced  the  deserters  to  write  the  fol 
lowing  letter,  to  those  of  their  companions  who  had 
an  inclination  to  desert  (hK)  : 

[The  letter  is  not  given  in  the  Journal  as  printed 
by  the  French.] 

June  15th.  Set  about  clearing  the  roads. 

June  1 6th.  Set  out  for  Red  Stone  Creek,  and  were 
extremely  perplexed,  our  wagons  breaking  very  often. 

June  17th.  Dispatched  an  express  to  the  Half  King 
in  order  to  persuade  him  to  send  a  message  to  the 
Loups,  which  he  did,  as  I  expected  that  he  would. 

June  1 8th.  Eight  Mingoes  arrived  from  Logstown, 
who  on  their  arrival  told  me,  without  delay,  of  a  com 
mission  they  had  and  that  a  council  must  be  held. 
When  we  had  assembled,  they  told  us  briefly  that 
they  had  often  desired  to  see  their  brethren  in  the 
field  with  forces,  and  begged  us  not  to  take  it  amiss, 
since  they  were  amongst  the  French,  that  they  com 
plied  with  some  of  their  customs,  notwithstanding 
which  they  were  naturally  inclined  to  attack  them, 
and  other  words  to  that  purport.  After  which  they 
said  they  had  brought  a  speech  with  them,  which 

(hh)  How  can  such  proceedings  be  justified  ? 


Journal.  109 

they  must  deliver  with  speed.  These,  together  with 
some  other  things,  made  us  suspect  that  their  inten 
tions  towards  us  were  evil;  wherefore  I  delayed  giv 
ing  them  audience  until  the  arrival  of  the  Half-King, 
and  desired  also  the  Delawares  to  have  patience  till 
then,  as  I  was  only  awaiting  their  arrival,  which  I 
expected  would  be  the  same  day,  to  hold  a  council. 
After  the  eight  Mingoes  had  conferred  a  while  to 
gether,  they  sent  me  some  strings  of  wampum,  desir 
ing  me  to  excuse  their  insisting  on  the  delivery  of 
their  speech  so  speedily,  that  they  now  perceived  that 
it  was  proper  to  await  the  arrival  of  the  Half-King. 

When  the  Half-King  arrived  I  consented  to  give 
them  audience. 

A  council  was  held  in  the  camp  for  that  purpose, 
at  which  the  Half-King33\&  several  of  the  Six  Nations, 
Loups  and  Shawanese  to  the  number  of  forty  were 
present. 

The  spokesman  of  the  Six  Nations  addressed  the 
following  speech  to  the  Governor  of  Virginia : 
BRETHREN  : 

We  your  brethren  of  the  Six  Nations  are  now 
come  to  acquaint  you,  that  we  have  been  in 
formed  that  you  threaten  to  destroy  entirely 
all  your  brethren,  the  Indians,  who  will  not  join 
you  on  the  road  ;  wherefore  we  who  keep  in 


no  Washington  s 

our  own  towns,  expect  every  day  to  be  cut  to 
pieces  by  you.  We  should  be  glad  to  know  from 
your  own  mouth  whether  there  be  any  truth  in  that 
information,  and  hope  that  you  will  not  think  it  im 
proper  that  we  are  come  to  inquire  into  it,  since  you 
well  know  that  bad  news  commonly  makes  a  much 
deeper  impression  upon  us  than  good.  That  we  may 
be  fully  satisfied  by  your  answers  of  the  truth  thereof, 
we  give  you  this  belt  of  wampum. 

We  know  the  French  will  ask  us  on  our  return,  of 
what  number  our  brethren  are  whom  we  went  to  see  ? 
Therefore  we  desire  you,  by  this  belt,  to  let  us  know 
it,  as  also  the  number  of  those  whom  you  expect, 
and  at  what  time  you  expect  them,  and  when  you 
intend  to  attack  the  French,  that  we  may  give  notice 
thereof  to  our  town,  and  know  also,  what  we  are  to 

tell  the  French. 

ANSWER. 
BRETHREN  : 

We  are  very  glad  to  see  you,  and  sorry  that  such 
reports  disquiet  you.  The  English  do  not  intend  to 
hurt  you,  or  any  of  your  allies:  this  news,  we  know, 
must  have  been  forged  by  the  French,  who  are 
constantly  treacherous,  asserting  the  greatest  false 
hoods  (it)  whenever  they  think  they  will  turn  out  to 

(ii)  It  may  be  judged  by  what  has  been  before  mentioned,  who  most  deserve  that  re 
proach,  the  French  or  the  English.  The  imposture  which  Major  Washington  confesseth 
he  had  recourse  to,  in  order  to  irritate  the  Indians,  can  give  a  clear  idea  of  the  means  which 
the  English  made  use  of. 


Journal.  1 1 1 

their  advantage;  they  speak  well,  promise  fine  things, 
but  all  from  the  lips  only  ;  whilst  their  heart  is  corrupt 
and  full  of  the  poison  of  the  serpent.  You  have 
been  their  children,  and  they  would  have  done  every 
thing  for  you,  but  they  no  sooner  thought  themselves 
strong  enough,  than  they  returned  to  their  natural 
pride  and  drove  you  off  from  your  lands,  declaring  you 
had  no  right  on  the  Ohio.  (/£/£)  The  English,  your 
real  friends,  are  too  generous  to  think  of  using  the 
Six  Nations,  their  faithful  allies,  in  such  manner; 
after  you  had  gone  to  the  Governors  of  Virginia  and 
Pennsylvania  they  (at  your  repeated  request)  sent 
an  army  to  maintain  your  rights  (li )  to  put  you  again 
in  possession  of  your  lands,  and  to  take  care  of  your 
wives  and  children,  to  dispossess  the  French,  to  sup 
port  your  prerogatives  and  to  secure  that  whole  coun 
try  to  you,  for  these  very  ends  are  the  English  arms 
now  employed;  it  is  for  the  safety  of  your  wives  and 
your  children  that  we  are  fighting;  and  as  this  is  the 
only  motive  of  our  conduct  (mm)  we  cannot  reason 
ably  doubt  of  being  joined  by  the  rest  of  your  forces 
to  oppose  the  common  enemy. 

(kK)  It  is  true,  the  Indians  of  the  Six  Nations  have  never  inhabited  the  banks  of  the 
Ohio;  neither  do  they  claim  any  rights  to  them;  but  the  English,  who  in  America  treat 
them  as  friends  and  allies,  would  fain  persuade  them  that  the  banks  of  the  Ohio  belong  to 
the  Six  Cantons,  under  a  pretense  of  some  ancient  wars  that  these  had  with  the  Indians  on 
the  Ohio.  And  in  Europe  they  insist  that  country  belongs  to  England,  and  claim  that  the 
Iroquois  are  her  subjects. 

(//)  Here  the  English  confess,  that  country  is  none  of  theirs;  of  what  hostility  can  they 
then  reproach  the  French  ?  It  would  more  become  the  Indians  of  the  Six  Nations  to  com 
plain;  yet  they  dp  not. 

(mm)  So  !  This  is  the  reason  of  the  war  against  the  French  ?  Protection  due  to  the 
Iroquois,  who  never  complained. 


ii2  Washingtoris 

Those  that  will  not  join  us  shall  be  answerable  for 
whatever  may  be  the  consequence,  we  only  desire 
your  brethren  to  choose  the  side  which  shall  seem 
most  agreeable  to  them. 

The  Indians  of  the  Six  Nations  are  those  who 
have  the  most  interest  in  this  war,  for  them  it  is  that 
we  are  fighting,  and  it  would  greatly  trouble  me  to 
do  them  the  least  hurt;  we  have  engaged  in  this 
war,  in  order  to  protect  and  assist  you,  our  armies 
are  open  to  receive  you,  and  our  hands  ready  to  feed 
your  families  during  the  course  of  this  war.  The 
Governor  of  Virginia  has  often  desired  that  they 
might  be  sent  to  him  so  that  he  might  see  them  in 
person,  feed  and  clothe  them  according  to  their  own 
desire;  but  as  you  could  not  decide  to  send  them  to 
him,  we  are  ready  to  share  our  provisions  with  you, 
in  a  friendly  manner,  and  shall  take  such  measures, 
and  give  such  orders,  that  enough  shall  be  brought 
to  maintain  your  wives  and  children.  Such  conduct 
will  evidently  prove  how  much  more  the  English  love 
and  esteem  their  faithful  allies,  the  Six  Nations  (nn) 
than  the  French  do;  as  we  have  drawn  the  sword 
in  your  cause  and  in  your  defence,  delay  not  one 
moment,  be  no  more  in  suspense,  but  put  all  your 

(nn)  The  grand  argument  of  the  English  in  Europe  in  support  of  their  claim  to  the 
country  which  lies  on  the  other  side  of  the  Appalachian  Mountain  is  that  the  Six  Nations 
are  their  subjects.  How  can  we  reconcile  that  with  the  reasons  they  allege  in  America  in 
speaking  to  the  Iroquois  ? 


Journal.  1 1 3 

wives  and  children  under  our  protection,  and  they 
shall  find  plenty  of  provisions;  in  the  meanwhile 
set  your  young  men  and  your  warriors  to  sharp 
ening  their  hatchets,  in  order  to  join  and  unite  with 
us  vigorously  in  our  battles. 

The  present,  my  brethren  which  I  offer  you  is  not 
so  considerable  as  I  could  wish,  but,  I  expect  in  a 
short  time,  a  quantity  of  goods,  which  are  to  be  at 
my  disposal,  in  order  to  reward  those  who  shall  have 
shown  themselves  brave  and  active  on  this  occasion  ; 
I  shall,  moreover  recompense  them  most  generously. 

Be  of  good  courage,  my  brethren,  deliver  your 
country  and  secure  it  to  your  children  ;  let  me  know 
the  thoughts  of  your  hearts  at  this  juncture,  that  I 
may  give  an  account  of  your  sentiments,  to  your  great 
friend  and  brother,  the  Governor  of  Virginia.  In 
order  to  assure  you  of  my  sincerity  and  esteem  I 
present  you  with  this  belt  of  wampum. 

June  2Oth  The  council  is  still  continued.  When 
the  Delawares  learned  that  they  were  suspected  of 
being  in  the  French  interest,  they  asked  the  reason 
why  they  had  been  sent  for,  and  what  they  should 
tell  the  French  on  their  return. 

I  answered  them,  it  was  to  let  them  know,  that  we 
were  come  at  their  reiterated  requests  to  assist  them, 
15 


H4  Washington  s 

with  sword  in  hand  ;  (oo)  that  we  intended  to  put  them 
in  possession  of  these  lands  which  the  French  had 
taken  from  them. 

And  as  they  had  often  asked  our  assistance  as 
being  our  ancient  and  faithful  allies,  I  invited  them 
to  come  and  place  themselves  under  our  protection 
together  with  their  women  and  children. 

Whereupon  the  spokesman  stretched  out  his  blanket 
on  the  floor,  and  laid  several  belts  and  strings  of 
wampum  thereon,  in  the  same  order  in  which  he  had 
received  them  from  the  French.  Here  are  repeated 
the  words  of  M.  de  Contrecceur  (//)  after  which  the 
Delaware  orator  addressed  the  following  speech  to 
me. 

BRETHREN, 

The  Governors  of  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania; 
we  your  brethren  the  Delawares  remember  per 
fectly  well  the  treaty  made  at  Logstown  where 
you  and  your  uncles,  the  Six-Nations,  considering 
the  bad  situation  we  were  in  for  want  of  a  man  to 
be  our  leader,  then  gave  us  a  King,  and  told  us,  he 
should  transact  all  public  business  between  you  and 
us;  (gq)  you  charged  us  not  to  listen  to  every  vain 

(oo)  The  Delawares  at  that  time  were  in  the  French  Interests,  and  were  not  duped  by 
the  tone  of  assurance  with  which  it  was  sought  to  persuade  them,  that  the  English  were 
come  at  their  request  only. 

(fp)  Major  Washington  does  not  relate  in  his  journal  what  those  words  of  the  French 
were.  He  had,  no  doubt,  good  reasons  to  conceal  them. 

(gq)  Could  it  be  from  this  pretended  King  that  the  English  had  made  such  purchases  ? 


Journal.  115 

report,  that  might  be  spread,  but  to  consult  well 
among  ourselves,  and  to  do  what  should  seem  to  us 
to  be  right :  We  assure  you,  that  we  have  given  no 
credit  to  any  of  those  reports,  nor  ever  shall;  but 
will  be  guided  by  you,  our  brethren,  and  by  our 
uncles  the  Six-Nations  :  and  will  do  on  all  occasions, 
what  is  just  and  right,  taking  advice  from  you  alone. 
To  assure  you  of  the  desire  we  have  to  fulfil  our 
engagement  with  you,  we  present  you  with  this  belt 
of  wampum. 

After  which  they  made  the  following  speech  to  the 
Six-Nations. 

UNCLES, 

Thirteen  days  are  now  past  since  we  received 
this  belt  from  the  Onondaga  council,  I  do  not 
doubt  that  you  have  heard  of  it.  They  exhorted  us 
to  remember  the  old  times,  when  they  clothed  us 
with  a  robe  reaching  down  to  our  heels;  they  after 
wards  told  us,  to  raise  it  up  to  our  knees,  and  there 
to  make  it  very  fast,  and  come  to  them  at  the  head 
waters  of  the  Susquehanna,  where  they  had  provided 
a  place  for  us  to  live  ;  that  they  had  also  sent  a 
speech  to  those  of  our  Nation  who  live  near  the 
Minesinks,  inviting  them  to  go  to  the  place  by  them 
appointed  that  they  might  live  with  us  :  They  also 
sent  us  a  speech  to  give  us  notice  that  the  English 


1 1 6  Washington  s 

and  French  were  upon  the  point  of  coming  to  an 
engagement  on  the  Ohio  river,  and  exhorted  us 
to  do  nothing  in  that  matter,  but  what  was  reason 
able,  and  what  they  would  tell  us  themselves.  Lastly, 
they  urged  us  to  keep  fast  hold  of  the  chain  of  friend 
ship,  which  has  so  long  subsisted  between  us  and 
them,  and  our  brethren  the  English. 

A  belt  of  Wampum.     Then  the  Delawares  spoke 
to  the  Shawanese  as  follows  : 
"  GRANDSONS, 

By  this  belt,  we  take  you  in  our  arms,  and  fetch 
you  away  from  the  Ohio,  where  you  now  are,  to 
carry  you  amongst  us,  that  you  may  live  where  we 
live,  and  there  live  in  peace  and  quiet." 

The  Council  then  adjourned  until  the  next  morn 
ing. 

June  2ist   Met  very  early,  and  I  spoke  first  to  the 
Delawares,  in  the  following  manner. 
BRETHREN  : 

By  your  open  and  generous  conduct  on  this  occa 
sion,  you  have  made  yourselves  dearer  to  us  than 
ever ;  we  return  you  our  thanks,  that  you  did  not  go 
to  Venango,  when  the  French  first  invited  you  there  ; 
their  treating  you  in  such  a  childish  manner,  as  we 
perceive  they  do,  raises  in  us  a  just  and  strong  resent 
ment.  They  call  you  their  children,  and  speak  to 


Journal.  117 

you,  as  if  you  were  children  in  reality  and  had  no 
more  understanding  than  children  have. 

Consider  well  my  brethren,  and  compare  all  their 
speeches,  and  you  will  find  that  all  it  tends  to,  is  to 
tell  you,  I  am  going  to  open  your  eyes,  to  unstop  your 
ears,  and  such  like  words  to  no  purpose,  only  proper 
to  amuse  children.  You  also  observe  brethren  that 
if  they  deliver  a  speech,  or  make  a  promise,  and  con 
firm  it  by  a  belt,  they  imagine  it  binds  them  no  longer 
than  they  think  it  consistent  with  their  interest  to 
stand  by  it.  They  have  given  one  example  of  it ;  and 
I  will  point  it  out  to  you  in  the  leap  which  they  say 
they  have  made  over  the  barrier  which  you  had  set 
them;  which  ought  to  stir  you  up  my  brethren,  to 
just  anger,  and  cause  you  to  embrace  the  favorable 
opportunity  that  we  offer  you,  as  we  are  come,  at 
your  request,  to  assist  you,  and  by  means  of  which, 
you  may  make  them  leap  back  again  with  more  speed 
than  they  advanced. 

A  string  of  Wampum.  The  French  are  continually 
telling  you,  not  to  give  heed  to  the  ill  reports  that 
are  told  you  concerning  them,  who  are  your  fathers. 
If  they  did  not  know  in  their  hearts,  how  richly  they 
deserve  it  on  account  of  their  injustice  to  you,  why 
should  they  suspect  that  they  are  accused  ?  Why 
should  they  take  so  much  care  to  forewarn  you,  in 


1 1 8  Washington's 

order  to  hinder  you  from  believing  what  is  told  you 
concerning  them  ?  With  regard  to  what  they  tell 
you  of  us,  our  conduct  alone  will  answer  in  our  be 
half.  Examine  the  truth  yourselves  ;  you  know  the 
roads  leading  to  our  habitations,  you  have  lived 
amongst  us,  you  can  speak  our  language  ;  but  in 
order  to  refute  whatever  may  be  said  against  us  and 
to  assure  you  of  our  brotherly  love,  we  once  more  in 
vite  your  old  men,  your  wives  and  your  children,  to 
take  refuge  under  our  protection,  and  in  our  arms,  in 
order  to  be  plentifully  fed,  whilst  your  warriors  and 
young  men  join  with  ours  and  espouse  the  common 
cause. 

A  string  of  Wampum.  Brethren,  we  thank  you 
with  all  our  hearts,  for  having  declared  unto  us  your 
resolution  of  accomplishing  the  engagements  which 
you  entered  into  at  the  Treaty  of  Logstown  (rr)m  and 
we  can  do  no  otherwise  than  praise  your  generous  con 
duct  with  regard  to  your  grandsons  the  Shawanese ; 
it  gives  us  infinite  pleasure. 

We  are  greatly  obliged  for  the  advice  given  you 
by  Onondaga,  charging  you  to  hold  fast  the  chain 
of  friendship  by  which  we  are  bound;  I  dare  say, 
that  had  he  known,  how  nearly  you  were  inter 
ested  in  this  war,  or  that  it  is  for  the  love  of  you, 

(rr)  What  this  Treaty  of  Logstown  can  be,  no  one  knows  ;  this  Journal  makes  it  appear, 
that  it  was  convened  by  a  man  whom  the  English  had  given  them  fora  King,  and  of 
whom  they  consequently  felt  very  sure. 


Journal.  119 

and  at  your  request  (ss)  that  we  have  taken  up  arms, 
he  would  have  ordered  you  to  declare  and  to  act  im 
mediately  against  the  common  enemy  of  the  Six 
Nations.  In  order  to  assure  you  of  our  affection, 
and  to  confirm  the  truth  of  what  I  have  said,  I  pre 
sent  you  with  this  belt.  Two  long  strings  of  wampum. 

67  The  Treaty  of  Logstown  here  so  superciliously 
referred  to,  is  probably  confounded  with  the  one  held 
at  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  in  July,  1744,  by  which 
the  Six  Nations  assumed  to  cede  to  the  English  the 
land  from  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  the  Ohio  river 
for  the  consideration  of  ^400.  [See  Penn.  Colo. 
Records^  Nothing  was  done  by  Pennsylvania  to 
profit  by  this  nominal  grant,  the  other  Indians  assert 
ing  that  the  Six  Nations  never  had  any  lands  on  the 
Ohio.  The  treaty  held  at  Logstown  in  1752  with  the 
resident  tribes  was  at  the  instance  of  Governor  Din- 
widdie,  prompted  by  the  parties  interested  in  the  Ohio 
Company  which  saw  that  it  was  to  their  interest  to  be 
at  amity  with  the  Shawnee,  Mingoand  Delaware  tribes 
inhabiting  that  region.  The  Indians  evinced  but 
little  interest  in  the  matter,  but  dimly  seeing  through 
the  selfishness  of  the  project,  hesitated  and  declined 
to  act  and  it  became  doubtful  whether  any  thing  could 
be  accomplished;  at  length,  however,  in  an  omnibus 
set  of  resolutions  passed  June  13,  1752,  the  Indians  in 
council  consented  to  confirm  the  Lancaster  Deed  in 
as  "full  and  ample  a  manner  as  if  the  same  were  here 
recited."  They  bound  themselves  not  to  molest 
settlements  on  the  south-west  side  of  the  Ohio  and 
to  be  firm  Allies  of  the  English.  In  1751  Governor 
Hamilton  of  Pennsylvania  had  sent  Colonel  Croghan 

(ss)  Why  so  often  repeated;  Major  Washington  was  certainly  in  doubt  as  to  the  Dela- 
wares  giving  any  credit  to  it. 


1 20  Washington!  s 

with  presents  to  the  Miamies  to  "  renew  the  chain  of 
friendship;"  when,  however,  his  embassy  returned 
and  a  favorable  report  of  its  conference  was  made 
to  the  Assembly,  it  was  rejected  "  for  bringing  ex 
penses  on  the  Government."  The  Governor  sent 
Colonel  Croghan  again  the  next  year  with  presents 
to  the  Mingoes  and  Delawares  whom  the  agent 
persuaded,  that  it  would  be  to  their  interest  if  the 
English  should  build  a  fortified  Trading  house 
at  the  Forks  of  the  Ohio.  The  Indians  thereupon, 
at  his  suggestion,  made  a  formal  request  of  the  Gov 
ernor  to  erect  such  a  Fort.  This  report  and  petition 
were  laid  before  the  Assembly  of  Pennsylvania  and 
were  again  rejected  by  them.  [See  Croghan  s  Treaties 
with  the  Indians,  N.  Y.  Colo.  Doc.  vii,  p.  267.] 

The  following  letter  from  Governor  Dinwiddie  to 
Thomas  Cresap  shows  with  tolerable  clearness  the 
views  held  by  him  in  January,  1752  as  to  the  obliga 
tions  of  the  Colony  of  Virginia  to  respect  the  rights 
of  the  French  in  the  region  about  the  head  of  the 
Ohio  river. 

"  WMSB'G,  Jariry  23d,  1752. 

"SiR:  You  herewith  will  receive  the  Opinion  of 
the  Council  in  Answer  to  Your  Letters.  As  to  making 
Reprisals  for  the  Robberies  done  by  the  French  on 
the  Ohio,  it  is  inconsistent  with  the  Laws  of  Nations, 
while  We  are  in  Peace  with  France  and  your  Letter 
is  too  general :  if  you  give  a  particular  Account  of 
the  different  Robberies,  we  must  apply  to  the  Gov 
ernor  of  Canada  for  Redress  :  Upon  his  Refusal  we 
may  proceed  in  an  other  manner. 

I  shall  be  glad  [if]  Mr.  Montour  will  determine  to 
live  in  Virginia  that  we  may  hereafter  have  an  Inter 
preter  in  our  own  Province  on  any  Occasion  we  may 
have  to  do  with  the  Indians  ;  and  therefore  I  desire 


Journal.  121 

you  will  prevail  with  him  to  be  at  your  House  when 
the  Commissioners  come  to  go  with  the  Goods  to 
Loggs  Town. 

I  have  the  Success  and  Prosperity  of  the  Ohio 
Company  much  at  Hart  tho'  I  have  not  a  Line  from 
any  concern'd  since  my  arival,  but  this  from  you. 
There  is  a  Cargo  of  the  concrn'd  come  in  the  ship 
with  me,  it  now  lies  at  Colo.  Hunter's,  the  severity  of 
the  Weather  prevented  his  sending  the  Goods,  to 
Colo.  Mason.  I  am  surprised  at  what  you  write,  that 
Patton  or  any  other  Person  should  obstruct  that 
Company's  making  a  settlement  on  the  Ohio,  but 
shall  take  Care  that  it  shall  be  strongly  urged  to  the 
Indians  and  doubt  not  of  Success.  I  shall  be  glad  if 
you  could  furnish  me  with  an  Account  of  the  several 
Nations  of  Indians,  their  names  and  numbers  of  each 
separate,  viz.:  the  fighting  Men,  Women,  and  Chil 
dren,  and  your  Advice  how  to  engage  them  to  the 
British  Interest.  The  Assembly  sits  down  the  27th 
of  next  Month,  the  General  Court  imediately  after, 
which  makes  it  impossible  for  me  to  come  at  this 
time  to  a  treaty  with  the  Indians,  at  the  same  time,  I 
am  confessing  Ignorance  in  these  Affairs;  but  if  here 
after,  I  shall  find  it  for  his  Majesty's  service,  I  shall 
not  think  much  of  the  Trouble  to  give  them  a  Meet 
ing,  if  not  at  too  great  a  Distance,  but  am  in  Hopes 
the  Meeting  now  proposed  will  end  with  the  desired 
success.  And  as  you  are  a  Member  of  the  Ohio  Com 
pany,  I  think  your  good  offices  will  be  very  necessary, 
and  will  be  acknowledged  by  the  Company.  I  shall 
be  very  glad  to  hear  frequently  from  you ;  and  am 

Sir  your  humble  servant 

ROBERT  DINWIDDIE 

To  Colo.  THOMAS  CRESAP 

[From  Dinwiddie  Papers,  vol.  i ,  p.  1 7.] 
16 


122  Washington's 

After  the  Council  broke  up,  and  those  treacherous 
devils  who  had  been  sent  by  the  French  to  act  as 
spies,  returned,  though  not  without  some  stories  pre 
pared  to  amuse  the  French,  which  may  be  of  service 
to  make  our  designs  succeed. 

As  they  have  told  me  there  were  sixteen  hundred 
French  and  seven  hundred  Indians  on  the  march,  to 
reinforce  those  at  the  Garrison,  I  persuaded  the  Half- 
King  to  send  three  of  his  men  to  inquire  into  the 
truth  of  it ;  though  I  imagined  this  news  to  be  only 
soldiers'  talk,  these  Indians  were  sent  secretly  before 
the  council  broke  up,  and  had  orders  to  go  to  the 
Fort,  and  get  what  information  they  could  from  all 
the  Indians  they  should  meet,  and  if  there  were  any 
news  worth  while,  one  (tf)  of  them  was  to  return^ 
and  the  other  two  to  continue  their  journey  as  far  as 
Venango,  and  around  the  Lake,  in  order  to  obtain  a 
perfect  knowledge  of  every  thing. 

68Shingise,  King  or  Chief  of  the  Delawares,  and 
brother  of  King  Beaver,  was  one  of  the  great  Indian 
warriors  of  his  day,  and  a  terror  to  the  western  fron 
tier  of  Pennsylvania.  His  home  was  about  the  head 
of  the  Ohio,  mainly  at  the  Forks,  Shanopin's  Town, 
and  his  hunting  grounds  between  the  waters  of  the 
Monongahela  and  the  Alleghany  Rivers  to  the  sum 
mit  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  He  was  the  first 

(tf)  It  was  by  the  means  of  those  Indians  that  the  English  had  communication  with  Stobo 
the  spy,  whose  letter  will  be  seen  hereafter. 


Journal.  123 

Indian  Chief  visited  by  Washington  en  route  to 
deliver  Gov.  Dinwiddie's  letter  to  the  French  com 
mandant  at  Fort  Le  Boeuf,  in  the  winter  of  1753. 
He  was  inferior  in  rank  to  Tanacharison,  who  was  a 

sachem  of  the  Six  Nations. 

< 

I  also  persuaded  King  Shingas  to  send  out  rangers 
towards  the  river,  to  bring  us  news,  in  case  any  French 
should  come  ;  I  gave  him  also  a  letter,  which  he  was 
to  send  me  back  again  by  his  runners  to  prevent  my 
being  imposed  upon  by  a  false  alarm. 

Though  King  Shingas,  and  others  of  the  Delawares 
could  not  be  persuaded  to  retire  to  our  camp  with 
their  families,  owing  to  their  fear  of  Onondaga's 
Council,  they  nevertheless  gave  us  strong  assurance 
of  their  assistance  and  directed  us  in  what  manner 
to  act  in  order  to  obtain  our  desire  :  the  method  was 
this  ;  we  were  to  prepare  a  great  war-belt  to  invite  all 
the  warriors  who  would  receive  it,  to  act  independently 
of  their  King  and  council;  and  King  Shingas  prom 
ised  to  take  privately  the  most  subtle  measures  to  make 
the  affair  succeed  though  he  did  not  dare  to  do  it 
openly.  The  day  that  the  council  broke  up  I  persuaded 
Kaquehuston,  a  trusty  Delaware,  to  carry  that  letter 
to  the  Fort  which  the  French  deserters  had  written 
to  their  comrades  and  gave  him  instructions  how  he 
should  behave  in  his  observations  upon  several  arti 
cles  of  which  I  spoke  to  him,  for  I  feel  convinced 


124  Wash  ingtoris 

that  the  Fort  may  be  surprised,  as  the  French  are 
encamped  outside,  and  cannot  keep  a  strict  guard  by 
reason  of  the  works  on  which  they  are  engaged. 

I  also  persuaded,  George,  another  trusty  Delaware, 
to  go  and  visit  the  Fort,  a  little  while  after  Kaque- 
huston,  and  gave  him  the  proper  instructions,  recom 
mending  him  particularly  to  return  with  speed,  that 
we  might  have  fresh  news. 

Immediately  after  the  council  was  over,  notwith 
standing  all  that  Mr.  Montour  could  do  to  dissuade 
them,  the  Delawares,  as  also  the  Half-King,  and  all 
the  other  Indians,  returned  to  the  Great  Meadows; 
but  though  we  had  lost  them,  I  still  had  spies  of  our 
own  people,  to  prevent  any  surprise. 

As  it  had  been  told  me,  that  if  I  sent  a  belt  of 
Wampum  and  a  speech,  that  might  bring  us  back 
both  the  Half-King  and  his  young  men,  I  sent  the 
following  speech  by  Mr.  Croghan.m 

69  Colonel  George  Croghan,  an  Indian  agent,  inter 
preter  and  trader  of  Pennsylvania,  was  born  in  Ireland 
and  died  at  Passayunk,  Pa.,  about  1 782.  His  will  is  on 
record  in  Albany,  N.  Y.  He  was  educated  at  Dublin, 
Ireland,  and  coming  to  America,  settled  on  the 
Juniata  river  above  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  and  carried  on 
the  business  of  an  Indian  trader  as  early  as  1746. 
Acquiring  the  Indian  language  and  being  a  man  of 
character,  he  in  time  became  an  agent  for  the  Colony 
of  Pennsylvania.  His  plantation  was  at  Augquick, 


Journal.  125 

Huntington  county,  Pennsylvania.  He  was  engaged 
by  Governor  Dinwiddie  in  1754  as  an  interpreter 
and  sent  with  a  letter  to  Col.  Washington.  [See  the 
Gov.'s  Letter,  June  i,  1754,  in  Dinwiddie  Paper s.~\ 
Col.  Croghan's  service  did  not  give  entire  satisfaction 
to  the  Governor  as  is  inferred  from  the  language  he 
uses  in  a  letter  to  Col.  Innes  of  January  15,  1755,  in 
which  he  says:  "  As  for  Croghan  I  have  no  opinion 
of  him  his  whole  views  are  self  Int't."  [Dinwiddie 
Papers,  vol.  i,p.  461.]  In  1755  Genl.  Braddock  com 
missioned  him  a  captain  for  the  campaign  to  marshal 
the  Indians. 

FORT  LOUTHER  \Ph^\June6,  1755. 

SIR. —  Captain  Jack  has  promised  his  aid  in  the 
contemplated  attack  on  Fort  Du  Quesne.  He  will 
march  with  his  Hunters  by  a  circuitous  route  and 
join  Braddock.  He  and  his  men  are  dressed  in  hunt 
ing  shirts,  mocasins,  etc.,  are  well  armed  and  equally 
regardless  of  heat  and  cold.  They  require  no  shelter 
for  the  night.  They  ask  no  pay.  If  the  whole  army 
was  composed  of  such  men,  there  would  be  no  cause 
for  apprehension.  I  shall  be  with  them  in  turn  for 
duty. 

Yours,  etc., 

GEORGE  CROGHAN. 

To  the  GOVERNOR  of  Pennsylvania. 

[From  the  Pennsylvania  Records,  vol.  zv,  p.  416.] 

He  was  frequently  employed  by  the  Provinces  in 
negotiations  with  the  Indians  of  the  western  frontier. 
In  November,  1756,  he  was  regularly  commissioned 
Indian  Agent  for  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  Indians  by 
Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  who  in  1763  sent  him  to  England 
to  confer  with  the  Ministry  about  the  Indian  bound 
ary  lines.  In  1766  he  made  a  settlement  four  miles 


126  Washingtoris 

above  Fort  Pitt  and  continued  up  to  1776  to  render 
valuable  services  in  conciliating  the  Indians.  He 
was  somewhat  distrusted  as  to  his  loyalty  in  the  early 
part  of  the  Revolution,  but  as  he  resided  quietly  on 
his  farm,  he  was  undisturbed  and,  possibly,  was  un 
justly  suspected.  [Doc.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  and  also  DrakeJ] 

'Tis  but  a  short  time  since  we  were  assembled 
together  ;  we  were  sent  here  by  your  brother  the 
Governor  of  Virginia  at  your  own  repeated  request, 
in  order  to  succor  you  and  fight  for  your  cause ; 
wherefore  my  brethren,  I  must  require  that  you  and 
your  young  men  come  to  join  and  encamp  with  us, 
that  we  may  be  ready  to  receive  our  brother  Mona- 
cotoocha,  whom  I  daily  expect.  That  this  request 
may  have  its  desired  effect,  and  make  a  suitable  im 
pression  upon  your  minds,  I  present  you  with  this 
string  of  Wampum. 

As  those  Indians,  who  were  spies  sent  by  the 
French,  were  very  inquisitive,  and  asked  us  many 
questions  in  order  to  learn  by  what  way  we  pro 
posed  to  go  to  the  Fort,  and  at  what  time  we  expected 
to  arrive  there,  I  left  off  working  any  further  on  our 
road,  and  told  them  we  intended  to  continue  it 
through  the  woods  as  far  as  the  Fort,  felling  the 
trees,  etc.  That  we  were  waiting  here  for  reinforce 
ments  which  were  coming  to  us,  our  artillery,  and 
our  wagons  to  accompany  us  there,  but  as  soon  as 


Journal.  127 

they  were  gone  I  set  about  marking  out  and  clearing 
a  road  towards  Red-Stone. 

June  25th.  Towards  night  three  men  came  from  the 
Great  Meadows,  among  whom  was  the  son  of  Queen 
Aliquippa. 

He  brought  me  a  letter  from  Mr.  Croghan  in 
forming  me  what  difficulty  he  had  in  finding  any 
Indians  willing  to  come  to  us  ;  that  the  Half-King 
was  inclined,  and  was  preparing  to  join  us,  but  that  a 
blow  which  he  had  received  prevented  him.  I  thought 
proper  to  send  Captain  Montour  to  Fort-Necessity70 
in  order  to  try  if  he  could,  possibly,  induce  the 
Indians  to  come  to  us. 

70  Fort  Necessity, the  scene  of  Washington's  first  bat 
tle,  was  situated  near  the  head  springs  of  Great  or  Big 
Meadow  run,  a  tributary  of  the  Youghiogheny  River, 
on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Laurel  Hill  Mountain, 
at  a  place  named  by  the  early  explorers  "the  Great 
Meadows,"  because  it  was  a  flat,  open  field  without 
trees,  but  with  an  abundance  of  nutritious  grass. 
Pasture  was  a  matter  of  great  moment  to  the  explorer 
and  trader  having  horses  or  cattle  to  feed.  Hence 
both  the  Little  and  Great  Meadows  on  this  route 
across  the  Alleghany  Mountains  early  became  places 
of  especial  note  on  this  account.  It  would  seem  from 
the  Journal  that  Colonel  Washington,  as  a  precau 
tionary  measure,  had  made  some  defensive  work  here 
as  he  marched  out  to  the  west,  and  gave  to  it  the 
name  "  Fort  Necessity."  From  stress  of  circum 
stances,  a  week  or  so  later,  while  retreating  with  his 


128  Wash  ingtori  s 

small  army,  he  was  compelled  to  make  a  stand  at  the 
Great  Meadows,  when  he  enlarged  the  defensive 
works  as  best  he  could,  considering  his  want  of  time 
and  resources.  Here  before  his  works  were  com 
pleted,  he  was  attacked  by  the  French  and  Indians 
under  the  command  of  M.  de  Villiers;  the  attacking 
party  greatly  outnumbering  his  own  forces.  His 
small  garrison  withstood  the  attack  and  defended 
themselves  with  spirit  and  ability  for  nine  hours, 
but  were  then  obliged  to  capitulate,  which  they  did 
on  the  night  of  July  3,  1754.  If  this  version  of 
the  Journal  can  be  relied  upon,  the  name  "  Fort 
Necessity"  was  given  to  the  fort  by  Washington  as 
early  as  the  25th  of  June. 

June  26th.  An  Indian  arrived  bringing  news  that 
Monacatoochahad  burned  his  village,  Logstown,  and 
was  gone  by  water  with  his  people  to  Red-Stone,  and 
might  be  expected  there  in  two  days.  This  Indian 
passed  close  by  the  Fort,and  assures  us  that  the  French 
have  received  no  reinforcements,  except  a  small  num 
ber  of  Indians  who  had  killed,  as  he  said,  two  or 
three  Delawares.  I  did  not  fail  to  relate  that  piece 
of  news  to  the  Indians  in  its  proper  colors,  and  par 
ticularly  to  two  Delawares  who  are  here. 

June  27th.  Detached  Captain  Lewis,71  Lieutenant 
Waggoner  and  Ensign  Mercer,73  two  Sergeants, 
two  Corporals,  one  drummer  and  sixty  men,  in  order 
to  endeavor  to  clear  a  road  to  the  mouth  of  Red- 
Stone  Creek,  on  Monongahela.73 


Journal.  129 

71  Major  Andrew  Lewis,  of  Virginia,  was  the  third 
son  of  John  and  Margaret  (Lynn)  Lewis,  pioneer 
settlers  in  Augusta  county,  Virginia.  He  was  born 
in  Ulster  county,  Ireland,  in  1720;  he  was  commis 
sioned  captain  in  the  Virginia  regiment  March  18, 
1 754,  and  was  part  of  the  time  in  the  expedition  to  the 
Ohio  under  Colonel  Washington,  serving  as  major, 
and  was  with  him  in  the  battle  of  the  Great  Meadows. 
The  following  year  he  served  in  the  company  of  his 
brother  Samuel  in  the  Braddock  Expedition.  In  the 
fall  of  this  year,  after  Washington  had  been  named 
to  command  the  sixteen  companies  ordered  by  the 
House  of  Burgesses  to  be  raised  for  the  protection  of 
the  frontier,  he  was  appointed  major.  [See  Wash 
ington  s  Letter  to  Major  Lewis  September  6,  1755.] 
In  1756  he  commanded  the  Stony  Creek  Expedition, 
and  on  the  15*  of  April  was  complimented  by  a  vote 
of  approbation  of  the  House  of  Burgesses  for  the 
manner  in  which  he  had  discharged  his  duties.  The 
same  year  he  was  sent  on  a  special  mission  to  con 
struct  a  fort  in  the  Cherokee  country,  and  executed 
his  trust  to  the  satisfaction  of  all  concerned.  He  con 
tinued  in  military  service  until  the  fall  of  Fort 
Du  Quesne,  in  1758.  He  was  in  the  ill-advised  attack 
on  the  Fort  by  General  Grant,  and  was  taken  pris 
oner  and  sent  to  Montreal.  He  was  soon  after  ex 
changed  and  returning  home,  was  appointed  by 
Virginia  a  Commissioner  to  treat  with  the  Six  Nations 
at  Fort  Stanwix.  In  1774  he  was  in  command  of 
the  Virginia  provincial  troops  at  the  hardest  fought 
battle  against  the  most  formidable  Indian  forces, 
that  ever  took  place  in  the  State.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  House  of  Burgesses  for  a  number 
of  years  from  Botetourt  county  and  a  member 
of  the  conventions  of  Virginia  of  March  and 
17 


1 30  Washington  s 

June,  1775.  He  was  commissioned  colonel  in  the 
army  March  T,  1776,  and  made  brigadier-general  at 
Washington's  request,  April  15,  1777,  but  declined. 
He  drove  Lord  Dunmore  from  Gwynn's  Island  in 
Virginia.  His  duties  kept  him  much  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  State,  where  he  contracted  a  fever,  of 
which  he  died,  September  25,  1781,  at  the  house  of 
Captain  Talbott,  in  Bedford  county.  His  remains 
were  interred  by  the  side  of  his  youngest  son,  Charles, 
in  the  burial  ground  on  his  home  farm  on  Roanoke 
tiver.  His  military  abilities  were  of  a  high  order  and 
much  esteemed  by  Washington.  His  statue  appro 
priately  occupies  one  of  the  pedestals  which  surround 
her  Washington  statue  in  Richmond.  Four  of  his 
brothers  were  also  distinguished  in  the  military  annals 
of  Virginia,  namely,  Samuel,  Charles,  Thomas  and 
William. 

73  Captain  John  Fontain  Mercer  was  an  Ensign  in 
the  Virginia  forces,  with  Washington,  in  the  armed 
Expedition  of  1754  to  the  Ohio.  He  was  the  son  of 
John  Mercer,  an  eminent  lawyer,  who  resided  on  a 
fine -estate  known  as  Marlboro  in  Stafford  county, 
Virginia.  Captain  John  was  born  August  31,  1/38; 
he  was  the  brother  of  Captain  George  Mercer,  who 
was  also  in  the  military  service  of  1754,  under  Wash 
ington.  The  names  of  both  are  included  in  the  vote  of 
thanks  by  the  House  of  Burgesses  to  the  officers  for 
"  their  gallant  and  brave  behaviour  in  defense  of  the 
country."  Captain  John  Fontain  Mercer  was  pro 
moted  to  a  Lieutenancy  July  21,  1754.  He  continued 
in  the  service  and  was  in  the  Braddock  campaign, 
acquitting  himself  with  credit.  He  again  accepted 
service  as  a  Captain,  with  a  force  of  100  men,  and 
was  under  Washington  on  the  Virginia  frontier  in  the 
Warm  Spring  Mountain,  with  his  headquarters  at 


Journal.  131 

Fort  Edwards.  Here  he  was  killed  and  scalped  by  the 
Indians  in  an  engagement  April  18,  1756.  His  heirs 
received  the  portion  of  land  to  which  he  was  entitled, 
under  the  Dinwiddie  proclamation,  for  his  military 
service.  I  admit  the  middle  name  Fontain  from  a 
sketch  in  the  Dinwiddie  papers,  but  while  Ensign  of 
Captain  van  Braam's  company  he  signed  his  name 
John  Mercer,  Ensign.  [See  return  of  company  in  the 
appendix '.] 

73  Here  we  come  to  an  abrupt  close  of  the  Journal, 
and  are  left  to  speculate  whether  this  paragraph  on 
the  27th  was  actually  the  last  entry  made  by  Wash 
ington  in  his  journal,  or  whether  the  remainder  was 
withheld  by  the  French  as  not  calculated  to  promote 
their  special  views  in  quarters  where  the  "  Memoir e 
Contenant  le  precis  de  fails,  etc.!'  was  intended  for 
circulation.  Washington  in  a  letter  written  at  New 
castle,  March  27,  1757,  speaking  of  the  version  of 
the  Journal  as  given  by  the  French,  says:  "In 
regard  to  the  Journal,  I  can  only  observe,  in  general, 
that  I  kept  no  regular  one  during  the  Expedition  ; 
rough  notes  of  occurrences  I  certainly  took,  and  find 
them  as  certainly  and  strangely  metamorphised,  some 
parts  left  out  which  I  remember  were  entered,  and 
many  things  added  that  never  were  thought  of,  the 
names  of  men  and  things  egregiously  miscalled,  and 
the  whole  of  what  I  saw  Englished  is  very  incorrect 
and  nonsensical." 


APPENDIX.74 


The  absence  of  a  record  by  Washington  himself 
of  the  closing  days  of  his  campaign  to  the  Ohio  ren 
ders  the  history  less  satisfactory  than  it  would  have 
been  had  he  continued  the  diary,  suddenly  closed  on 
the  27th  of  June,  down  to  the  return  of  his  forces  to 
Will's  Creek.  Fortunately,  the  official  records  and  the 
correspondence  of  Washington  and  others  fully  cog 
nizant  of  the  operations  of  the  expedition,  along  with 
the  labors  which  able  historians  have  bestowed  upon 
the  subject,  enable  us  in  a  measure  to  supply  the  omis 
sion.  To  the  end  of  completing  the  narrative,  the 
following  data  and  occurrences  connected  with  the 
campaign,  from  the  last  entry  in  the  Journal,  on  the 
27th  of  June,  until  the  troops  returned  to  Will's  Creek, 
and  Washington  himself  to  Williamsburg,  are  sub 
mitted  as  a  brief  epitome  of  facts. 

74The  editor  here  volunteers  an  appendix  in  the  form 
of  a  journal  gathered  from  sources  believed  to  be  reli 
able,  to  complete  the  history  of  the  first  armed  cam 
paign  to  the  Ohio. 


134  Appendix  to 

However,  I  do  not  cease  to  hope  that  at  no  very 
distant  day  some  zealous  historian  will  discover  and 
give  to  the  public  a  literal  transcript  of  this  Journal 
of  Washington's,  which  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
French,  and  which  is  as  yet  only  known  to  the  world 
by  the  partial  and  garbled  French  translation  pub 
lished  by  them  for  political  effect  at  a  time  when 
France  and  England  were  at  war,  and  when  the  edi 
tors  may  have  felt  themselves  justified  in  suppressing 
certain  parts  and  giving  a  bias  to  others  not  warranted 
by  an  impartial  rendering  of  the  records.75 

75 The  only  authority  for  this  Journal  is  the  French 
version  of  it  printed  in  "  Memoir e  Contenant  le  Precis 
des  Faits,"  &c.,  Paris,  1756,  p.  147.  Different  trans 
lations  into  English,  however,  from  this  original 
French  version  have  been  published,  but  the  original 
Journal,  in  Washington's  own  language  and  hand 
writing,  has  been  withheld  from  the  examination  of 
historians,  if  it  is  still  in  existence,  which  is  doubted 
by  some,  but  not  despaired  of  by  the  writer. 

June  27th.  In  addition  to  the  troops  under  the  officers 
already  mentioned  as  having  been  sent  out  to  open  the 
road  between  Gist's  and  the  mouth  of  the  Red-Stone 
Creek,  Captain  Poison,76  it  should  be  stated,  was  also 
out  with  a  detachment  to  reconnoiter  and  give  pro 
tection  to  the  working  party. 


Washington  s  Journal.  135 

76Lieutenant  William  Poison,  or  Poulson,  was  a  na 
tive  of  Scotland,  and  was  understood  to  have  been 
concerned  in  the  rebellion  of  1 745.  He  had  a  taste 
for  military  life,  and  served  as  a  Lieutenant  with 
Washington  in  1754.  His  name  appears  am6ng  the 
officers  complimented  by  name  in  a  resolution  of 
thanks,  for  their  courage  and  good  conduct  in  the 
battle  of  the  Great  Meadows,  by  the  House  of  Bur 
gesses  of  Virginia,  August  30,  1754.  November, 
1754,  Governor  Dinwiddie  suspended  his  commis 
sion  in  consequence  of  Lieutenant  Poison  neglecting 
an  order  to  go  out  and  enlist  recruits.  He  asked 
for  a  court  martial,  but,  the  facts  being  explained, 
the  Governor  was  satisfied  and  recalled  the  suspen 
sion.  He  joined  the  Braddock  expedition  and  was 
killed  at  the  battle  of  the  Monongahela.  An  annual 
pension  of  £26  was  granted  to  his  widow  by  the  House 
of  Burgesses,  August  13,  1755.  His  son  John  was 
commissioned  a  Lieutenant  in  the  6oth  Regiment, 
of  which  Gage  was  Commandant  and  Gates  Major, 
May  5, 1 756.  He  served  in  the  Revolution  as  Captain 
from  July  1,1777,  to  May  12,  1779,  when  he  was  pro 
moted  to  Major  of  the  8th  Virginia  Regiment.  He 
was  a  prisoner  from  October  5,  1779,  until  exchanged 
November  2,  1780,  at  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  when  he  re 
turned  to  his  home  in  Accomac  County,  Va.  He 
subsequently  rejoined  the  army  and  served  until  the 
establishment  of  peace.  [Brock  in  Dinwiddie  Papers, 
vol.  i ,  p.  114.] 

June  28th  Sparks  says  Washington  arrived  at  Gist's 
this  day,  and  there  learned  from  the  reports  of  his 
different  scouting  parties  that  the  French  had  been 
reinforced  and  that  a  strong  detachment  of  French 


136  Appendix  to 

and  Indians  were  on  the  eve  of  marching  from  Fort 
Duquesne77  to  attack  him  without  delay.  Work  was 
continued  by  the  several  parties  all  this  day  and 
nearly  eight  miles  of  road  cleared,  leaving  less  than 
eight  miles,  presenting  no  great  obstacles,  to  com 
plete  the  road  to  the  Monongahela,  at  the  mouth 
of  Red  Stone  Creek. 

77Fort  Duquesne,  a  name  which  the  French,  while 
in  possession  of  the  Ohio  Valley,  gave  to  their  fort 
at  the  junction  of  the  Monongahela  and  the  Alle- 

fhany  rivers,  is  now  the  site  of  the  city  of  Pittsburg. 
t   was    named  in  honor  of    Marquis   Duquesne,  at 
that    time    Governor    of    New    France;    he    having 
ordered  the  erection  of  a  fort  at  this  place. 

June  29th  A  council  of  war  was  called,  at  which  it 
was  resolved  to  concentrate  all  their  troops  at  Gist's, 
fortify  themselves  there  and  await  the  advance  of 
the  French. 

Gist's  house,  around  which  a  clearing  had  been 
made,  was  situated  in  a  heavily  wooded  country  on  a 
beautiful  elevation,  now  known  as  Mount  Braddock. 
The  natural  advantages  of  this  spot  indicated  it  as 
the  most  desirable  site  for  a  fort.  It  was  accordingly 
selected,  intrenchments  and  breastworks  commenced 
and  defensive  preparations  prosecuted  with  vigor.78 
A  messenger  was  sent  to  request  Captain  Mackaye 
to  march  his  company  to  Gist's  without  delay,  which 


Washington's  Journal.  137 

he  promptly  complied  with.  Orders  were  also  sent  for 
the  immediate  return  to  Gist's  of  the  detachments 
under  Captains  Lewis,  Waggoner,  Mercer  and  Poison 
to  assist  in  the  work  on  the  fortifications. 

78  Gist's  Fort  begun  by  Colonel  Washington,  but 
not  completed,  was  at  his  new  settlement  in  1 754. 
The  site  is  now  known  as  Mount  Braddock,  in  Dun- 
bar  Township,  and  is  about  the  geographical  center 
of  Fayette  county,  Pa. 

In  the  House  of  Burgesses  October  30,  1754:  "  A 
petition  of  Christopher  Gist,  was  presented  to  the 
House  and  read,  setting  forth  that  he  had  for  some 
years  past  used  his  utmost  endeavours  to  promote  the 
settlement  of  His  Majesty's  lands  on  the  River  Ohio, 
and  had  engaged  a  considerable  number  of  families  to 
remove  there  from  the  adjoining  provinces,  which  was 
prevented  after  the  first  of  them  came  there  by  a  survey 
made  by  one  William  Russel,  which  included  the  land 
where  the  first  settlement  was  begun.  That  the 
petitioner,  having  settled  there  with  his  family,  upon 
the  late  incursions  of  the  French  His  Majesty's  forces, 
under  the  command  of  Colonel  Washington,  en 
camped  at  the  petitioner's  plantation,  and  his  Horses 
and  Carriage  being  employed  in  his  Majesty's  ser 
vices,  he  was  thereby  prevented  from  removing  the 
greatest  part  of  his  effects,  to  the  value  of  nearly 
two  hundred  pounds,  which  the  French  either  took 
away  or  destroyed,  besides  setting  fire  to  all  his  houses, 
and  fencing  which  had  been  removed  and  used  as  a 
palisade  for  the  security  of  His  Majesty's  forces,  to 
a  considerable  value  ;  and  praying  that  this  House 
will  be  pleased  to  make  him  such  allowance  for  re 
pairing  his  losses  as  they  shall  think  fit ;  as  he  has 
18 


138  Appendix  to 

been,  and  still  shall  be,  ready  on  all  occasions  to 
resign  his  life,  and  small  fortune,  in  promoting  the 
settlement  of  that  part  of  His  Majesty's  Dominions, 
so  necessary  to  the  preservation  and  interest  of  all 
his  American  plantations. 

"  Ordered,  that  the  said  Petition  be  referred  to  the 
consideration  of  the  next  Session  of  the  Assembly." 

"  HOUSE  OF  BURGESSES,  May  7,  1755. 

"  The  Petition  of  Christopher  Gist  was  presented 
and  read."  "May  9,  1755,  House  of  Burgesses.  Re 
solved,  that  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  committee  that 
the  Petition  of  Christopher  Gist  praying  to  be  allowed 
a  satisfaction  for  the  losses  he  sustained  by  the  in 
cursion  of  the  French  be  rejected." 

This  decision,  as  we  see  the  facts,  seems  to  have 
been  a  real  hardship  and  was  certainly  unjust.  It  is 
possible  that  some  subsequent  action  rectified  this  de 
termination,  but  with  that  the  writer  is  unacquainted. 

June  3Oth  The  troops  were  all  assembled  at  Gist's 
and  actively  engaged  in  erecting  a  formidable  forti 
fication,  when  Col.  Washington,  owing  to  the  receipt 
of  further  and  more  definite  information  concerning 
the  enemy  and  their  manoeuvres,  called  another 
council  of  war,  before  which  he  laid  all  the  most  re 
cent  intelligence  of  the  strength  and  movements  of 
the  French  forces  now  advancing  up  the  Monongahela 
River  to  attack  the  English.  At  this  council  it  was 
unanimously  resolved  to  abandon  their  works  at  Gist's 
and  retreat  forthwith  to  Will's  Creek.  For  want  of 


Washingtoris  Journal.  139 

transportation  the  troops  had  to  leave  behind  much 
of  their  baggage,  and  with  but  meager  supplies  were 
soon  on  a  retrograde  march.  Sargent  says  they  "  had 
but  two  miserable  teams  fit  for  use  and  a  few  pack 
horses."  On  these  were  placed  some  intrenching 
tools  and  their  most  essential  military  stores,  to  be 
helped  along  the  road  by  the  soldiers,  themselves 
bearing  burthens  on  their  backs. 

Colonel  Washington  set  the  noble  example  of  giv 
ing  up  his  own  saddle  horse,  loading  him  with  the 
munitions  of  war  and  leaving  his  own  personal  bag 
gage  to  less  reliable  modes  of  transportation,  and  gave 
four  pistoles  to  some  soldiers  to  carry  a  part  of  it 
forward.  The  other  officers  followed  his  example  and 
loaded  their  horses  with  packs  of  military  stores.  In 
addition  to  their  arms  and  their  own  baggage,  which 
they  bore  on  their  backs,  the  Virginia  regiment  had 
nine  swivel  guns  on  wheels,  which  they  dragged  by 
hand.  The  independent  company  under  Captain 
Mackaye  refused  to  assist  in  the  labor  of  transporting 
stores,  because  they  claimed  it  was  not  incumbent  on 
them  as  King's  soldiers.  Here,  at  a  most  inconvenient 
time,  came  a  practical  demonstration  of  the  impracti 
cability  of  attempting  to  combine  different  classes  of 
troops  under  different  regulations,  pay  and  rank  to 
serve  in  the  same  Expedition.  The  conduct  of  the 


140  Appendix  to 

King's  troops,  which  could  not  be  concealed,  had  a  dis 
couraging  effect  upon  the  Virginia  soldiers,  dampening 
their  ardor  and  making  them  more  discontented  with 
their  service,  excessive  fatigue,  poor  pay  and  meager 
supplies. 

July  ist  The  retreating  troops  arrived  at  the  Great 
Meadows  in  the  evening  en  route  for  Will's  Creek. 
The  distance  from  Gist's  was  thirteen  miles,  and  it 
was  traversed,  under  the  excitement  of  the  retreat,  in 
less  than  two  days;  though  it  had  required  thirteen 
to  clear  and  march  over  the  same  route  going  west. 

Colonel  Washington  made  a  careful  personal  in 
spection  of  his  forces  that  evening  and  had  a  formal 
written  report  made  of  the  Virginia  Regiment,  as  to 
its  condition,  the  number  of  officers  and  men  fit  for 
duty,  &c.  [See  Appendix.] 

The  inspection  even  more  than  the  report  con 
vinced  Washington  that  it  was  impracticable  for  the 
troops  to  proceed  further,  subjected  to  the  labor  they 
were,  without  rest,  and  at  the  same  time  preserve  an 
orderly  retreat.  Tor,  as  Sparks  says  :  "  His  men  had 
become  so  much  fatigued  from  great  labor  and  defi 
ciency  of  provisions  that  they  could  draw  the  swivels 
no  farther,  nor  carry  the  baggage  on  their  backs. 
They  had  been  eight  days  without  bread,  and  at  the 
Great  Meadows  they  found  only  a  few  bags  of  flour. 


Washington  s  Journal.  141 

It  was  thought  advisable  to  wait  here,  therefore,  and 
fortify  themselves  in  the  best  manner  they  could  and 
defend  themselves  until  they  should  receive  supplies 
and  reinforcements. 

They  had  heard  of  the  arrival  at  Alexandria  of 
two  independent  companies  from  New  York79  twenty 
days  before,  and  it  was  presumed  they  must  by  this 
time  have  reached  Will's  Creek.  Another  express 
was  sent  to  hasten  them  on  with  as  much  dispatch  as 
possible." 

79  The  Assembly  of  Virginia,  for  a  time,  refused  to 
appropriate  money  for  the  support  of  these  inde 
pendent  companies  and  the  House  of  Burgesses  was 
prorogued,  September  5,  1754,  to  October  17,  1754,  as 
a  consequence  by  Governor  Dinwiddie  in  quite  a 
sarcastic  address.  The  facts  were  that  the  military 
enterprises  to  the  west  were  inspired  by  the  Crown 
and  Ministry  of  Great  Britain,  and  were  but  partially 
sympathized  in  by  the  people  of  the  colonies.  The 
independent  companies  were  solicited  from  New 
York  by  the  Governor  without  having  advised 
with  the  House  of  Burgesses  of  Virginia  or  asking 
for  an  appropriation  for  their  support  before  they 
arrived.  And  as  it  turned  out  they  were  of  no  real 
service  to  the  Colony  of  Virginia  in  this  expedition. 
These  New  York  independent  companies  are  re 
ferred  to  in  note  40,  page  65.  They  are  the  same  so 
anxiously  looked  for  by  Colonel  Washington  at  Fort 
Necessity.  They  were  under  the  command  of  Cap 
tains  Rutherford  and  Clark.  These  companies 
arrived  from  New  York  at  Hampton  Roads  in  H.  M. 


142  Appendix  to 

S.  Centaur,  Captain  Dudley  Diggs,  on  the  i8th  of 
June,  1754.  It  was  not  until  September  ist  that 
these  troops  were  actually  marched  to  Will's  Creek. 
Here  they  were  shortly  after  joined  by  Captain 
Demerie's  independent  company  from  South  Carolina, 
and  on  the  I2th  the  military  works  there  were  com 
menced. 

The  officers  and  soldiers  were  devoted  to  Wash 
ington  and  had  every  confidence  in  his  generalship, 
were  full  of  courage  and  free  from  anything  like 
panic,  but  declared  their  inability  to  carry  their  bag 
gage  and  drag  the  swivels  farther,  greatly  preferring 
the  chances  of  battle. 

After  a  full  and  free  conference  with  his  officers  it 
was  concluded  to  make  a  stand  where  they  were. 
Orders  were  at  once  given  to  enlarge  the  stockade 
and  to  strengthen  and  extend  the  fortifications,  which 
had  already  been  erected  at  the  Great  Meadows,  and 
named  "  Fort  Necessity."  [See  entry  in  Journal  of 
June  25th.] 

The  reason  for  erecting  a  fort  here,  as  the  troops 
marched  west,  seems  to  have  been  on  account  of  the 
exceptionally  good  pasturage  found  there  for  horses 
and  beef  cattle,  which  were  so  essential  to  the  success 
of  the  expedition. 

July  2nd  This  was  a  busy  and  anxious  day  to  all 
at  the  Great  Meadows.  The  Virginia  Regiment 


Washington 's  Journal.  143 

worked  with  alacrity.  Timber  was  cut  to  enlarge  the 
cleared  grounds  around  the  fort  and  transported  to  ex 
tend  and  strengthen  the  works.  Trenches  and  ditches 
were  dug  around  the  fortifications,  after  the  order  of 
the  modern  rifle  pits.  The  meadow  was  cleared  of 
all  bushes  which  could  conceal  an  enemy  and  the 
palisades  were  extended  to  inclose  and  secure  the 
baggage,  the  horses  and  beef  cattle,  and  everything 
put  in  as  good  a  state  of  defence  as  time  and  the 
means  at  their  disposal  would  admit. 

Much  has  been  written  about  the  battle  of  the 
"  Great  Meadows "  and  the  capitulation  of  "  Fort 
Necessity,"  the  location  of  this  fort,  its  size,  its  form, 
etc.  It  was  in  no  sense  an  ideal  fortification  or  a 
model  to  be  patterned  after,  but  was  rather  a  sort  of 
"  Hobson's  choice,"  accepted  on  the  theory  of  "  any 
port  in  a  storm,"  and  was  appropriately  from  these 
circumstances  named  "  Fort  Necessity."  The  most 
accurate  description  of  this  fortification  is  the  one 
based  upon  an  actual  instrumental  survey  made  in 
1816  by  Mr.  Freeman  Lewis,  a  lithograph  of  which 
may  be  seen  in  "  LowdermilKs  History  of  Cumber 
land" 

Skirmishers  and  double  picket  lines  were  kept  out 
to  gain  information  and  prevent  surprise.  These  re 
ported  the  steady  advance  of  the  French  and  Indian 


144  Appendix  to 

forces  estimated  to  amount  to  considerably  over  a 
thousand.80 

^Villiers,  in  his  Journal,  says  that  M.  Contrecoeur 
had  detailed  for  this  service  five  hundred  French  and 
eleven  hundred  Indians.  This  was  probably  an  over 
estimate.  \_See  Memoire  Contenant  le  Precis  des 
Fails,  etc^\ 

The  French  had  the  advantage  of  the  road  just 
opened  by  Washington's  troops,  nearly  all  the  way 
from  the  Monongahela  River,  and  when  they  neared 
the  Meadows  their  troops  marched  in  columns. 

July  3d  Early  this  morning  one  of  Washington's 
pickets  was  brought  in,  wounded  by  one  of  the  advance 
skirmishers  of  the  French,  whose  column  was  reported 
to  be  only  four  miles  distant,  and  advancing.  At 
eleven  o'clock  the  enemy  came  in  view  of  Fort 
Necessity  and  began  firing  from  a  distance  of  six 
hundred  yards,  but  without  effect  Colonel  Wash 
ington  had  his  troops  drawn  up  in  the  open,  level 
ground  outside  of  the  trenches  awaiting  an  attack. 
This  he  expected  would  have  been  made  as  soon  as 
the  French  forces  could  emerge  from  the  woods,  and 
he  ordered  his  men  to  reserve  their  fire  until  the 
enemy  should  approach  near  enough  for  it  to  take 
effect.  The  French,  however,  continued  their  dis 
tant  firing,  which  Washington  supposed  was  designed 


Washington  s  Journal.  145 

to  draw  the  Virginians  into  the  woods,  as  the  enemy 
did  not  seem  inclined  to  come  close  or  attack  the 
fort  by  assault,  as  their  number  would  seem  to  have 
justified. 

Seeing  the  enemy  would  not  leave  the  cover  of  the 
woods,  Washington  after  a  time  drew  his  men  back 
into  the  trenches  and  gave  orders  for  them  to  fire 
according  to  their  discretion,  as  opportunity  offered. 
The  French  and  Indians  kept  on  the  rising  ground 
nearest  the  fort  and  wherever  sheltered  by  trees,  and 
continued  a  brisk  firing,  but  mainly  beyond  range 
from  the  Fort,  at  no  time  appearing  on  the  open 
plain. 

The  rain  fell  incessantly  all  day,  but  the  engage 
ment  continued  without  intermission  until  eight 
o'clock  at  night,  when  it  had  become  quite  dark.  For 
the  last  two  hours  the  firing  from  the  swivels  within 
the  fort  had  been  increased  in  frequency. 

At  eight  o'clock  the  French  called  requesting  a 
parley.  Washington  suspecting  that  this  was  a  strat 
agem  on  their  part  to  have  an  officer  enter  the  fort 
to  discover  its  condition,  at  first  paid  no  heed  to  the 
proposal.  But  upon  the  call  being  repeated,  and  with 
it  the  proposition  for  the  English  to  send  out  one  of 
their  own  officers,  at  the  same  time  engaging  for  his 
safety  and  return,  he  acceded  to  the  request. 
19 


146  Appendix  to 

Captain  van  Braam  was  at  the  time  the  only  avail 
able  officer  with  Washington  who  could  speak  French, 
and  he  was  therefore  sent  to  see  what  communication 
they  desired  to  make.  Ensign  Peyromi,  a  French 
man  by  birth,  in  the  Virginia  regiment,  had  a  short 
time  before  been  dangerously  wounded,  and  was  then 
incapable  of  rendering  any  service.  Captain  van 
Braam  returned  in  a  short  time,  accompanied  by  M.  le 
Mercier,  a  French  officer,  bringing  a  verbal  propo 
sition  from  the  French  commander,  M.  de  Villiers, 
for  granting  a  capitulation  to  the  troops  in  "  Fort 
Necessity."81 

81General  de  Villiers  professed  to  be  animated  by  a 
desire  for  peace,  and  proceeded  on  the  theory  that 
France  and  England  were  not  at  war;  that  he  was 
on  the  rightful  and  long  recognized  possessions  of 
his  Christian  Majesty,  the  King  of  France  ;  that  it 
was  unnatural  for  him  to  make  prisoners  of  the  sol 
diers  of  a  friendly  power,  and  he  was  therefore  pre 
pared  to  grant  honorable  conditions  to  the  English, 
in  the  nature  of  a  summons  to  depart. 

Washington  had  by  no  means  despaired  of  making 
a  successful  defence  against  an  assault,  but  he  had 
witnessed  with  sorrow  the  loss  of  his  horses  and  beef 
cattle  by  their  escape  and  by  their  slaughter  during 
the  engagement;  he  was  conscious,  too,  of  his  insuffi 
cient  stock  of  provisions  and  the  scanty  ammunition 
he  had  to  rely  upon  in  case  of  a  siege. 


Washington  s  Journal.  147 

The  proposal  and  the  conditions  suggested  were 
verbally  reported  to  Washington  and  his  officers  by 
Captain  van  Braam.  Objections  being  made  to 
certain  propositions,  Captain  van  Braam  and  le 
Mercier  were  twice  sent  back  to  de  Villiers  for  confer 
ences.  When  finally  an  understanding  was  reached, 
they  returned  the  third  time  with  the  articles  of  capit 
ulation  reduced  to  writing,  but  in  French.  No  English 
version  or  translation  of  the  agreement  was  made  in 
writing,  van  Braam  undertaking  to  translate  ver 
bally  the  articles  and  terms  of  agreement  by  word 
of  mouth,  and  by  the  aid  of  the  light  of  a  single  tal 
low  candle.  The  first  proposition  had  stipulated  for 
the  surrender  to  the  French  of  all  the  artillery  and  mil 
itary  stores.  This  was  objected  to  by  Washington 
and  readily  modified  to  the  destruction  of  the  artil 
lery. 

On  several  other  matters  of  difference  the  French 
made  concessions  and  seemed  desirous  to  accommo 
date  and  reach  an  agreement  promptly. 

The  main  points  of  the  capitulation,  as  Washington 
and  his  officers  understood  them,  were  that  they  were 
allowed  to  return  to  Virginia  without  molestation  by 
the  French  or  Indians.  That  they  should  march  out 
of  the  fort  with  the  honors  of  war,  drums  beating  and 
colors  flying,  and  with  all  their  effects  and  military 


148  Appendix  to 

stores,  except  the  artillery  which  was  to  be  destroyed. 
One  swivel  gun  they  were  to  retain.  This,  however, 
had  to  be  abandoned  for  want  of  transportation  and 
was  destroyed  by  Washington.  The  stipulation  not 
to  build  forts  on  the  lands  of  His  Christian  Majesty 
was  not  made  a  circumstance  of,  because  the 
Americans  held  that  the  French  had  no  lands  on 
the  Ohio.  The  further  stipulation  for  the  return  of 
the  French  prisoners  taken  at  the  skirmish  with  de 
Jumonville,  and  for  the  fulfillment  of  which  Captains 
van  Braam  and  Stobo83  were  given  to  the  French 
as  hostages,  Washington  fully  expected  would  be 
cheerfully  and  promptly  complied  with.83 

83  Major    Robert    Stobo    was    born    in    Glasgow, 
Scotland,  in  1727.   He  was  the  son  of  William  Stobo, 

merchant,  and  his  wife (Mitchell),  daughter  of 

James  Mitchell,  of  Balmore.  Robert  was  the  only 
son  of  his  parents  that  lived  past  infancy.  In  youth, 
he  was  delicate  and  was  carefully  watched  over  by  both 
father  and  mother,  who  secured  for  him  the  founda 
tion  of  a  good  education  at  the  Latin  School.  His 
father  died  in  1740,  leaving  Robert  to  the  care  of 
his  mother  and  near  relatives.  His  mother  died  a  few 
years  later.  On  leaving  the  Latin  School,  he  attended 
for  a  season  or  two,  the  University  of  Glasgow.  In 
accordance  with  his  own  desire,  his  friends  determined 
in  1742  to  send  him  to  Virginia,  to  serve  in  a  store 
conducted  by  merchants  from  Glasgow,  where  he  dis 
charged  his  duties  to  the  satisfaction  of  his  employers. 
He  then  resolved  to  begin  business  for  himself,  and 


Washington  s  Journal.  149 

in  1 747  he  returned  to  Glasgow  and  converted  some 
houses,  he  inherited,  into  money  investing  it  in  mer 
chandise,  after  which  he  returned  to  Virginia  in  hopes 
of  acquiring  wealth  and  establishing  himself  in  busi 
ness.  He  was  a  man  of  intelligence,  of  cheerful  dispo 
sition,  fond  of  gayety,  much  courted  by  the  best  people, 
and  kept  almost  an  open  house  for  the  entertainment 
of  his  friends.  These  traits  did  not  further  his  com 
mercial  enterprises.  Among  his  particular  admirers 
was  Governor  Dinwiddie,  so  that  on  his  applying  for 
an  appointment  in  a  regiment  to  be  raised  in  the 
spring  of  1754  to  oppose  the  pretensions  of  the 
French,  he  was  promptly  appointed  the  oldest  Cap 
tain  in  the  organization.  He  carried  with  him  his 
hospitable  disposition,  providing  himself  liberally  for 
the  campaign.  He  had  ten  servants,  mechanics  whom 
he  enlisted,  and  he  provided  himself  with  a  covered 
wagon,  which  he  filled  with  every  necessary  to  make 
the  mountainous  deserts  of  the  Alleghanies  as 
agreeable  as  the  situation  would  admit.  On  the 
march  and  in  the  field  he  kept  an  open  table,  which 
was  plentifully  supplied  with  game  by  hunters  whom 
he  employed  for  this  purpose.  Besides  other  pro 
visions,  he  set  out  with  a  whole  butt  of  Madeira 
wine.  With  all  his  conviviality  he  was  discreet  in 
his  habits  of  indulgence,  and  by  his  devotion  to  the 
service  and  his  attention  to  duty,  won  the  good 
opinion  of  his  brother  officers,  as  well  as  of  the 
enlisted  men.  With  all,  he  had  a  daring  and  adven 
turous  disposition,  and  had  projects  for  the  employ 
ment  of  a  company  of  mechanics  wherever  the 
English  should  build  forts.  It  was  this  courageous 
disposition  which  led  him  to  offer  to  be  one  of  the 
hostages  provided  for  in  the  capitulation,  that  he 
might  have  an  early  opportunity  of  studying  the  situa- 


150  Appendix  to 

tion  of  the  country  about  Fort  Duquesne.  His 
plans  were  thwarted  by  the  turn  events  took,  by  his 
prolonged  imprisonment  and  the  coming  on  of  the 
war.  He  proved  an  active  and  efficient  officer  in  the 
campaign,  and  superintended  the  construction  of  the 
trenches,  breast  works  and  rifle  pits  around  Fort 
Necessity,  the  existence  of  which  had  so  much  to  do 
with  deterring  the  French  from  assaulting  the  fort. 
He  bore  a  conspicuous  and  honorable  part  in  the 
battle  of  the  Great  Meadows,  and  gave  his  ready 
assent,  if  he  did  not  actually  solicit,  to  be  one  of  the 
hostages.  At  this  juncture  in  his  career,  as  he  had 
no  further  use  for  his  sword,  he  presented  it  with  feel 
ing  and  becoming  remarks  to  the  lieutenant  of  his 
own  company,  William  Poison,  and  begged  of  him 
not  to  spare  it  when  opportunity  offered  to  draw  it 
in  behalf  of  his  country.  As  Poison,  gallantly  bear 
ing  this  sword,  fell  with  the  unfortunate  Braddock, 
it  was  finally  restored  to  its  original  owner,  long 
after  his  escape  from  Quebec,  and  he  ever  after 
wore  it  with  singular  esteem.  He  was  commis 
sioned  Major  by  the  Governor  July  20,  1754,  and 
was  so  known  ever  after.  His  long  imprisonment 
without  any  effort  on  the  part  of  Virginia  or  Great 
Britain  for  his  release,  his  fortitude  while  in  con 
finement  and  his  escape  from  the  French,  all  went 
to  invest  him  with  the  character  of  a  hero.  While 
confined  at  Fort  Duquesne,  he  drew  a  plan  of  the 
fort,  with  all  its  approaches,  and  suggestions  how 
the  works  could  be  successfully  assaulted.  He  signed 
his  own  name  to  it  and  sent  it  by  a  friendly  Indian 
to  the  commanding  officer  at  Will's  Creek.  He  was 
aware  that  he  was  taking  great  risks  in  this  matter, 
and  that  he  might  lose  his  life  if  detected. 

In  his  letter  he  argued  that  "when  we  engaged  to 


Washington  s  Journal.  1 5 1 

serve  our  country  we  expected  to  do  it  with  our  lives." 
"  Consider  the  good  of  the  expedition  without  regard 
to  us."  "  Haste  to  strike."  "  Let  the  good  of  the  ex 
pedition  be  considered  preferably  to  our  safety."  Such 
was  the  spirit  and  the  language  of  the  courageous 
Captain,  who  in  turn  languished,  for  periods,  in  every 
French  fort  from  Fort  Duquesne  down  to  Quebec. 
His  cheerful  and  gentle  manners  captivated  the 
Indians  as  well  as  the  French,  and  in  time  he  became 
measurably  familiar  with  the  language  of  both. 
Captain  Stobo's  letters  from  Fort  Duquesne  having 
fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  French  at  the  battle  of 
the  Monongahela,  led  to  his  close  confinement  in  the 
fortress  in  Quebec  as  a  dangerous  spy.  A  letter 
from  him  was  laid  before  the  Assembly  of  Virginia 
by  the  Governor  March  30,  1756.  The  House  of 
Burgesses  voted  him  ^300  to  be  sent  by  the  treas 
urer  on  the  first  convenient  occasion.  ^Journal 
House  of  Burgesses,  30  April,  1756.]  He  escaped 
from  prison  in  Quebec,  whereupon  6,000  livres  being 
offered  for  his  capture,  he  was  retaken.  H  e  was  finally 
tried  for  treasonable  acts  while  a  prisoner  and  was  sen 
tenced  to  death,  but  this  judgment  was  not  approved 
by  the  French  King.  He  finally  managed  again  to 
escape  from  his  prison,  but  after  several  days  was 
recaptured  and  brought  back.  After  another  year  in 
prison  he  again  eluded  the  vigilance  of  his  guards 
and  escaped  to  the  river.  Favored  by  the  tide,  he 
descended  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  a  boat,  past  Orleans 
Isle;  by  break  of  day  he  landed  and  concealed  him 
self  in  the  forest.  He  finally,  after  much  suffering 
and  many  hairbreadth  escapes,  reached  the  English 
fleet,  and  with  the  gallant  General  Wolfe  returned 
north  and  at  Louisburg  did  good  service  by  his  famil 
iarity  with  the  city  of  Quebec.  He  was  finally  sent 


152  Appendix  to 

as  a  confidential  courier  to  General  Amherst.  After 
faithfully  performing  this  service  he  was  favored  with 
a  letter  to  his  old  friend,  the  Governor  of  Virginia, 
to  whom  he  went  and  from  whom  he  received  flat 
tering  attention.  The  Governor  of  Virginia  had 
had  a  letter  from  Captain  Stobo,  while  a  hostage  in 
Quebec,  which  was  made  a  message  to  the  House  of 
Burgesses.  This  letter  is  not  spread  upon  the  Jour 
nal,  but  the  proceedings  for  March  31,  1759,  have  the 
following  record:  "  Upon  motion  made,  ordered,  that 
the  Speaker  do  transmit  to  Colonel  Peter  Schuyler,  of 
the  Jerseys,  the  thanks  of  this  house  for  his  unpar 
alleled  tenderness  and  humanity  to  Captain  Rob 
ert  Stobo  and  several  other  inhabitants  of  this  Col 
ony,  who  have  been  and  still  are  unfortunate  prisoners 
in  Canada,  and  that  the  treasurer  of  this  Colony  do, 
by  the  first  opportunity,  remit  him  the  full  amount  of 
his  account  now  laid  before  this  house,  with  interest 
from  the  time  the  money  was  advanced." 

The  same  Journal  for  November  19,  1759,  also 
contains  the  following: 

"  A  message  from  the  Governor  was  delivered  by 
Mr.  Waltho  : 

"Mr.  Speaker  : 

"  The  Governor  has  commanded  me  to  lay  before 
the  House  a  Letter  his  Honor  has  just  received  from 
his  Excellency  General  Amherst  in  favor  of  Captain 
Stobo,  by  whom  it  was  sent,  which,  with  that  gentle 
man's  singular  sufferings,  he  recomends  to  the  im 
mediate  consideration  of  this  House. 

"  The  House  immediately  proceeded  to  the  con 
sideration  of  the  saide  Letter,  and  the  same  being 
read, 

"  Upon  a  motion  made,  it  was 


Washington! s  Journal.  153 

"Resolved,  That  the  sum  of  ,£1,000  be  paid  by  the 
Treasuer  of  this  Colony  to  Captain  Robert  Stobo, 
over  and  above  the  pay  that  is  due  to  him  from  the 
time  of  his  rendering  himself  a  Hostage  to  this  day, 
as  a  reward  for  his  zeal  to  his  Country  and  a1  recom 
pense  for  the  great  hardships  he  has  suffered  during 
his  confinement  in  the  enemy's  country. 

"  Ordered,  That  the  said  resolve  be  engrossed; 
and  that  Mr.  Bland  do  carry  it  up  to  the  Council  for 
their  concurrence. 

"  Upon  a  motion  made, 

"Resolved,  That  an  humble  address  be  made  to  his 
Honor  the  Governor  to  desire  that  he  will  be  pleased 
to  take  Captain  Stobo  into  his  special  care  and  favor, 
and  promote  him  in  the  service  of  his  Colony  ;  and 
that  Mr.  Richard  Henry  Lee  do  wait  upon  his  Honor 
with  the  said  address. 

"  Upon  motion  made, 

"  Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  this  House  be  given 
Mr.  Robert  Stobo  for  his  steady  and  inviolable  at 
tachment  to  the  interest  of  this  country ;  for  his 
singular  courage  and  bravery  exerted  on  all  occa 
sions  during  this  present  war,  and  for  the  magna 
nimity  with  which  he  has  supported  himself  during  his 
confinement  in  Canada  ;  and  that  he  be  congratulated 
in  the  name  of  this  House  on  his  safe  and  happy  return 
to  this  Colony;  and  that  Mr.  Nicholas,  Mr.  Bland  and 
Mr.  Washington  do  wait  on  him  for  that  purpose." 

Journal  of  the  House  of  Burgesses  of  Virginia, 
November  20,  1759: 

"  Mr.  Nicholas  reported  that  the  committee  ap 
pointed  had,  according  to  order,  waited  on  Captain 
Stobo  with  the  resolution  of  this  House,  to  return 
him  their  thanks  for  his  late  services  to  this  Colony, 
to  which  he  has  returned  the  following  answer: 

20 


154  Appendix  to 

"MR.  SPEAKER  AND  GENTLEMEN  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF 
BURGESSES  : 

"  The  distinguishing  tokens  of  favor  and  Benevo 
lence  which  you  have  vouchsafed  voluntarily  to  confer 
on  me,  and  that  unanimously  and  immediately  upon 
my  happy  return  to  this  country,  has  administered  to 
my  heart  the  greatest  Consolation  it  was  susceptible 
of,  gratified  every  wish  it  was  capable  of  entertain 
ing,  and  imprinted  upon  it  the  most  indelible  sense 
of  Gratitude  it  could  possibly  be  affected  with. 

"  To  be  informed  by  the  voice  of  the  public  that  I 
have  discharged  my  duty  to  their  satisfaction,  and 
merited  their  thanks  for  my  conduct,  is  the  highest 
glory  my  ambition  could  aspire  at,  and  will  determine 
me  upon  any  future  occasion,  to  exert  myself  with  all 
the  vigor  and  alacrity  which  the  united  ardor  of  grati 
tude  and  duty  can  inspire. 

"  ROBERT  STOBO." 

Captain  Stobo  left  Virginia  for  England,  February 
1 8,  1760.  On  the  5th  of  June  he  was  made  Captain 
of  the  1 5th  Foot,  Captain  Amherst's  regiment,  and 
served  in  the  West  Indies  in  1762.  He  returned 
to  England  in  1767,  and  left  the  army  in  1770,  dying 
soon  after.  [Craig s  Memoirs  of  Stobo,  Dinwiddie 
Papers,  etc^\ 

The  articles  of  capitulation  were  finally  reduced  to 
writing,  duplicate  copies  were  made,  but  both  in 
French,  and  about  midnight  they  were  signed  by  the 
commanding  officers,  in  the  following  order:  James 
Mackaye,  G.  Washington,  Coulon  de  Villiers.  Each 
party  kept  a  copy  of  the  articles  of  capitulation,84  the 
two  Captains  going  over  the  same  night  to  the 


Washington s  Journal.  155 

French  camp  as  hostages.  The  French  were  to  take 
possession  of  the  fort  at  sunrise  on  the  4th,  imme 
diately  on  its  evacuation  by  the  English.85 

83  In  the  matter  of  the  exchange  of  these  prisoners 
Governor   Dinwiddie  proved  obstinate,   and   it  was 
not  in  Washington's  power  to  carry  out  that  stipula 
tion    in    the    capitulation.      The    hostages,   so    far 
as    Virginia   was  concerned,   though   not   forgotten, 
were  practically  abandoned  to  their  fate.     This  did 
not  comport  with  Washington's  sense  of  justice  to 
the  men,  nor  was   it   honorable  on  the  part  of  the 
government  of  Virginia.     The  Governor's  policy  was, 
however,    to  exasperate  the    French  rather  than  to 
conciliate  them. 

84  The  following  translation  of  the  terms  of  capitula 
tion  ageed  to  between  Monsieur  de  Villier  of  the 
French  forces  and  Colonel   George  Washington   in 
command    of   the    Virginia   troops,  in  surrendering 
Fort  Necessity  after  the  battle  of  the  Great  Meadows, 
July  3,  1754,  is  copied  from  the  manuscript  record  in 
the    Force  collection    in  the   Library   of   Congress. 
Slight  verbal  variations  are    observable  in  most  of 
the  translations.     To    this    translation  is    appended 
the    French    version    given    in  Sparks'  Writings  of 
Washington. 

Capitulation  granted  by  M.  de  Villier,  captain  in 
command  of  the  troops  of  His  Christian  Majesty,  to 
the  Commander  of  the  English  troops  now  in  Fort 
Necessity,  which  has  been  erected  within  the  Domin 
ion  of  the  King  : 

"The  3d  of  July,  1754,  at  eight  in  the  evening. 
To  Wit: 


156  Appendix  to 

"Whereas  our  intention  has  never  been  to  disturb 
the  peace  and  harmony  which  exist  between  the 
two  friendly  princes,  but  only  to  avenge  the  murder 
of  one  officer,  the  bearer  of  dispatches,  and  of  his 
escort,  as  well  as  to  prevent  the  forming  of  any 
establishment  on  the  lands  of  the  King  my  Master. 

"  For  these  considerations  we  wish  to  grant  favor  to 
all  the  English  who  are  in  the  aforesaid  fort,  upon 
the  following  conditions  : 

"ARTICLE  Ist.  *  We  permit  the  English  Commander 
to  withdraw  with  all  the  garrison,  in  order  that  he 
may  return  peaceably  to  his  country,  and  to  shield 
him  from  all  insult  at  the  hands  of  our  French,  and 
to  restrain  the  savages  who  are  with  us  as  much  as 
may  be  in  our  power. 

"ART.  2nd-  He  shall  be  permitted  to  withdraw  and 
to  take  with  him  whatever  belongs  to  his  troops,  ex 
cept  the  artillery,  which  we  reserve  for  ourselves. 

"ART.  3d-  We  grant  them  the  honors  of  war;  they 
shall  withdraw  with  beating  drums,  and  with  a  small 
piece  of  cannon,  wishing  by  this  means  to  show  that 
we  consider  them  friends. 

"ART.  4th-  As  soon  as  these  articles  shall  be  signed 
by  both  parties,  they  shall  take  down  the  English  flag. 

"ART.  5th-  To-morrow  at  daybreak  a  detachment 
of  French  shall  lead  forth  the  garrison  and  take  pos 
session  of  the  aforesaid  fort. 

"ART.  6th-  Since  the  English  have  scarcely  any 
horses  or  oxen  left,  they  shall  be  allowed  to  hide 
their  property,  in  order  that  they  may  return  to  seek 
for  it  after  they  shall  have  recovered  their  horses  ;  for 
this  purpose  they  shall  be  permitted  to  leave  such 
number  of  troops  as  guards  as  they  may  think  proper, 
under  this  condition  that  they  give  their  word  of 
honor  that  they  will  work  on  no  establishment  either 


Washington s  Journal.  157 

in  the  surrounding  country  or  beyond  the  Highlands 
during  one  year  beginning  from  this  day. 

"ART.  7th-  Since  the  English  have  in  their  power 
an  officer  and  two  cadets,  and,  in  general,  all  the 
prisoners  whom  they  took  when  they  murdered  Lord 
Jumonville,  they  now  promise  to  send  them  with  an 
escort  to  Fort  Duquesne,  situated  on  Belle  River, 
and  to  secure  the  safe  performance  of  this  treaty 
article,  as  well  as  of  the  treaty,  Messrs.  Jacob  van 
Braam  and  Robert  Stobo,  both  Captains,  shall  be 
delivered  to  us  as  hostages  until  the  arrival  of  our 
French  and  Canadians  herein  before  mentioned. 

"  We  on  our  part  declare  that  we  shall  give  an  escort 
to  send  back  in  safety  the  two  officers  who  promise 
us  our  French  in  two  months  and  a  half  at  the  latest. 

"  Copied  on  one  of  the  posts  of  our  block-house  the 
same  day  and  year  as  before. 

"  (Signed)         MESSRS.  JAMES  MACKAYE,  Gc- 

G°   WASHINGTON, 

COULON    VlLLIER." 

The  following  are  the  articles  of  capitulation,  as 
published  at  the  time  from  the  duplicate  copy  retained 
by  Colonel  Washington  :  [See  Sparksl\ 

"  ARTICLE  I.  Nous  accordons  au  commandant 
Anglais  de  se  retirer  avec  toute  sa  garnison,  pour 
s'en  retourner  paisiblement  dans  son  pays,  et  lui  pro- 
mettons  d'empecher  qu'il  lui  soit  fait  aucune  insulte 
par  nos  Fran^ais,  et  de  maintenir,  autant  qu'il  sera 
en  notre  pouvoir,  tous  les  sauvages  qui  sont  avec 
nous. 

"  ART.  II.  II  lui  sera  permis  de  sortir,  et  d'emporter 
tout  ce  qui  leur  appartiendra,  a  f  exception  de  Fartil- 
lerie,  que  nous  nous  reservons. 

"ART.  III.  Que  nous  leur  accordons  les  honneurs 
de  la  guerre;  qu'ils  sortiront  tambour  battant  avec 


158  Appendix  to 

une  petite  piece  de  canon,    voulant  bien  par-l&  leur 
prouver  que  nous  les  traitons  en  amis. 

ART.  IV.  Que  si-tot  les  articles  signes  de  part  et 
d'autre,  ils  ameneront  le  pavilion  Anglais. 

"  ART.  V.  Que  demain  &  la  pointe  du  jour,  un 
detachement  Fran^ais  ira  faire  defiler  la  garnison  et 
prendre  possession  du  dit  fort. 

"  ART.  VI.  Que  comme  les  Anglais  n'ont  presque 
plus  de  chevaux  ni  bceufs,  ils  seront  libres  de  mettre 
leurs  effets  en  cache  pour  venir  chercher  lorsqu'ils 
auront  rejoint  des  chevaux;  ils  pourront  &  cette  fin 
laisser  des  gardiens,  en  tel  nombre  qu'ils  voudront, 
aux  conditions  qu'ils  donneront  parole  d  honneur  de  ne 
plus  travailler  a  aucun  etablissement  dans  ce  lieu-ci,  m 
dega  de  la  hauteur  des  terres,  pendant  une  annee  a 
compter  de  ce  jour. 

"  ART.  VII.  Que  comme  les  Anglais  ont  en  leur 
pouvoir  un  officier,  deux  cadets,  et  generalement  les 
prisonniers  qu'ils  nous  ont  faits  dans  tassassinat  du 
Sieur  dejumonville^\.  qu'ils  promettent  de  les  envoyer 
avec  sauvegarde  jusqu'au  Fort  Duquesne,  situe  sur  la 
Belle-Riviere  ;  et  que  pour  surete  de  cet  article,  ainsi 
que  de  ce  traite,  Messrs.  Jacob  Vanbraam  et  Robert 
Stobo,  tous  deux  capitaines,  nous  seront  remis  en 
otage  jusqu'  &  1'arrivee  de  nos  Fran^ais  et  Canadiens 
ci-dessus  mentionnes." 

The  parts  here  marked  in  italics  were  misrepre 
sented  by  the  interpreter,  or  at  least  the  meaning  of 
them  was  so  imperfectly  and  obscurely  expressed  by 
him,  as  to  be  misunderstood  by  Colonel  Washington 
and  his  officers.  The  words,  pendant  ^lne  annee  a 
compter  de  ce  jour,  which  occur  at  the  end  of  the  sixth 
article  in  the  copy  retained  by  Colonel  Washington, 
are  not  found  in  the  copy  of  the  articles  printed  by 
the  French  government. 


Was hingtoris  Journal.  159 

85  No  suspicion  seems  to  have  occurred  to  Wash 
ington  and  his  officers  that  any  other  interpretation 
or  meaning  could  be  given  to  the  articles  of  capitula 
tion  than  the  one  verbally  given  to  them  by  van 
Braam.  But,  either  from  ignorance  of  the  French 
language  on  the  part  of  van  Braam,  or  some  base 
motive,  Colonel  Washington  was  in  this  partic 
ular  imposed  upon,  which,  however,  he  did  not  learn 
until  he  had  reached  Virginia.  Governor  Sharp, 
in  the  letter  to  Lord  Bury  of  November  5,  1754, 
writes  [Archives  of  Maryland,  1753-57,  A  IJ6]  that 
the  reason  Washington  "  did  not  stand  longer  on  the 
Defensive  He  attributes  to  the  great  improbability 
there  was  of  holding  out  against  such  a  Superiority 
of  numbers  when  he  had  not  any  expectations  of 
seeing  the  other  troops  come  to  his  Assistance,  and 
being  also  in  want  of  both  Ammunition  and  Provi 
sions,  but  that  He  was  prevailed  on  to  sign  a  dis 
honorable  Capitulation  is  owing,  he  declares,  and  con 
current  Circumstances  support  his  Assertion,  not  to 
these  Difficulties,  but  to  the  Infidelity  of  one  of  his 
Captains,  now  a  Hostage  with  the  enemy,  on  whom 
he  depended  to  interpret  to  him  the  terms  and  Con 
ditions  proposed  by  the  Enemy,  which  were  written 
in  French,  a  Language  that  Mr.  Washington  had  the 
misfortune  to  be  entirely  unacquainted  with." 

July  4th  Colonel  Washington  and  his  courageous 
though  unsuccessful  troops  filed  out  of  Fort  Necessity 
between  a  guard  of  French  soldiers,  and,  although 
they  marched  with  drums  beating  and  colors  flying, 
they  felt  a  humiliation  at  their  failure,  for  which  they 
knew  others  were  responsible.  They  were  forced  to 


160  Appendix  to 

march  as  best  they  could  to  Will's  Creek,  a  distance 
of  about  51  miles,  through  an  inhospitable  wilder 
ness.  Their  horses  had  been  all  killed  or  lost  in  the 
battle.  They  had  therefore  no  means  of  transporta 
tion  for  baggage,  or  even  for  their  wounded,  save 
upon  stretchers  or  upon  the  backs  of  the  soldiers, 
who  had  scarcely  enough  food  to  serve  them  for 
three  days.  They  traveled  the  first  day  three  miles, 
and  encamped  for  the  night.  Washington  remained 
behind  during  the  forenoon  to  see  that  all  moved  off 
in  an  orderly  manner  and  to  secure  the  destruction 
of  his  powder  and  other  stores  which  it  was  found 
impossible  to  move.  Much  of  the  baggage,  as  well 
as  stores,  was  also  destroyed  to  keep  it  from  falling 
into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  For,  notwithstanding 
the  stipulation  in  the  capitulation  of  protection  from 
the  Indians,  the  march  was  scarce  commenced  when 
a  large  body  of  Indians,  allies  of  the  French,  began 
plundering  the  baggage.  Seeing  that  the  French 
could  or  would  not  restrain  them,  baggage  that  could 
not  be  borne  on  their  backs,  and  which  it  was  provided 
might  be  left  with  a  guard  and  sent  for,  the  soldiers 
were  ordered  to  destroy,  as  the  Indians  were  carrying 
it  off  in  their  presence. 

A  detail  was  made  from  each  company  to  march 
with  and  care  for  the  sick  and  wounded,  with  instruc- 


Washington }s  Journal.  161 

tions  to  move  on  by  short  stages,  and  as  best  they 
could.  A  few  soldiers,  as  is  shown  by  the  report  made 
to  Colonel  Washington  on  the  9th  of  July,  grew  foot 
sore  and  lame,  and  fell  behind  on  the  road,  and  were 
cared  for  by  the  detail  provided  for  this  purpose. 

The  French,  apprehending  that  relief  for  the 
English  might  possibly  arrive,  destroyed  the  fort  as 
soon  as  it  was  vacated,  and  the  same  day  (the  4th) 
they  marched  two  miles  and  encamped  for  the  night, 
on  their  return  toward  Fort  Duquesne.  On  the 
5th  the  French  reached  Gist's,  and  Villiers  in  his 
Journal  says  :  "  I  ordered  the  intrenchment  to  be 
demolished,  and  the  houses  to  be  burnt  down,  and 
after  having  detached  M.  de  la  Chauvignerie  to  burn 
the  houses  around  about  I  continued  my  route,  and 
encamped  three  leagues  from  there."  In  his  journal 
he  also  states  they  reached  the  hangard  or  store  house 
at  the  mouth  of  Red  Stone  Creek  on  the  6th,  which 
they  burned,  and  then  embarked  in  their  canoes.  On 
the  7th  he  says :  "  We  burned86  down  all  the  settle 
ments  we  found,  and  about  four  o'clock  I  delivered 
my  detachment  to  M.  de  Contrecceur."87 

86  Lieutenant  John  Frazier,  gunsmith,  interpreter 
and  trader,  resided  at  the  mouth  of  Turtle  Creek,  and 
his  house  was  included  in  the  destruction  He  was 
probably  a  German,  and,  according  to  Edward  Ship- 
pen,  Prothonotary  of  Lancaster  county,  Pa.  He  had 

21 


1 62  Appendix  to 

resided  for  twelve  years  at  Venango  when  he  was 
obliged  by  the  French  to  leave.  Mr.  Frazier  then 
built  himself  a  cabin  on  the  Monongahela  River, 
near  the  mouth  of  Turtle  Creek,  and  not  far  from  the 
scene  a  few  years  later  of  Braddock's  defeat.  Thither 
he  removed  and  conducted  his  business  of  gunsmith- 
ing  and  trading  with  the  Indians.  On  the  organiza 
tion  of  Captain  Trent's  company,  in  the  spring  of 
1754,  to  build  a  fort  at  the  forks  of  the  Ohio,  the 
company  to  be  enlisted  west  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains  as  far  as  practicable,  Mr.  Frazier  was 
induced  to  accept  the  Lieutenancy,  but  he  stipu 
lated  at  the  same  time  that  he  was  not  to  be  re 
quired  to  reside  at  the  fort,  or  to  attend  there  ex 
cept  on  special  occasions,  nor  to  give  up  his  own 
business  ;  he  was  commissioned  with  this  understand 
ing.  This  in  part  explains  his  absence  from  the  fort 
when  the  French  invested  it,  and  obliged  Ensign 
Ward,  the  only  officer  present  on  duty,  to  evacuate 
the  works  under  construction  on  the  summons  of  the 
French  Commander  Contrecceur,  on  the  17th  of  April, 
1754.  Whenever  Mr.  Frazier  is  mentioned  in  the 
literature  of  these  times,  he  is  spoken  of  as  a  man  of 
courage  and  industry.  The  following  reference  to 
him  by  Governor  Dinwiddie  in  a  letter  to  Colonel 
Fry,  March  18,  1754,  has  some  interest  :  "  As  Cap 
tain  Trent  has  a  d'ble  compa'  you  cannot  fix  the 
Lieut's  till  you  come  to  the  Ohio,  and  if  you  divide 
his  Compa'  the  oldest  Lieut'  has  a  right  for  Capt's 
com'o  ;  but  as  he  is  a  Dutchman  and  cannot  speak 

food  English,  I  think  you  better  prefer  the  next  to 
im."     Colonel  Washington,  on  August  20,  1 754,  in  a 
letter  to  the  Governor,  recommended  Mr.  Frazier  for 
the   office  of  Adjutant,  "who,    I    think,    I    can  fully 
answer  for,  let  his  former  conduct  be  what  it  will." 


Washington's  Journal.  163 

In  November,  according  to  the  Governor's  letter,  he 
was  appointed  Adjutant  of  the  Virginia  Regiment. 
It  is  presumed  this  refers  to  the  same  person. 
[Brock  in  Dinwiddie  Papers,  vol.  it  p.  415.  Pa.  Col. 
Rec.,  vol.  5,  /.  659.] 

87  We  have  Gist's  statement  that  eleven  families  had 
taken  up  land  under  the  encouragement  of  the  Ohio 
Company   and  made  improvements  in  the  Mononga- 
hela  settlement.     We  regret  that  their  names  have 
not  been  preserved.    But  we  here  have  from  Villiers' 
Journal  the  specific    statement    that    his  troops  not 
only  destroyed   Gist's    house,    but  those  of  several 
others. 

July  5th  From  their  pine-tree-canopied  camp  three 
miles  from  Fort  Necessity,  the  weary  and  mortified 
troops  departed  early  in  the  morning,  for  they  had  no 
tents  to  strike  and  fold  and  but  a  meager  breakfast  to 
partake  of.  They  reached  and  forded  the  Youghi- 
ogheny  this  day  at  the  Great  Crossing,88  the  strong 
and  vigorous  helping  on  the  road  the  weak  and  weary, 
by  occasionally  bearing  part  of  his  load  or  sharing 
with  him  his  water  can  or  cold  meat  from  his  bullet 
pouch. 

88  Great  Crossing  refers  to  the  fording  or  crossing 
place  of  the  Youghiogheny  River,   ten   miles  above 
Turkeyfoot.     The  locality  is  identical  with  the  pres 
ent  village  of  Somerfield,    in  Somerset  County,  Pa., 
and  about  40  miles  west  of  Cumberland,  Md. 

Common  wants  and  necessities  soon  establish  a 
community  of  feeling  and  comradeship.  In  this  way 


164  Appendix  to 

the  Virginia  Regiment  and  Captain  Mackaye's  in 
dependent  company  trudged  along  to  Will's  Creek, 
camping  at  night,  or  halting  during  the  day  only  for 
needed  rest. 

July  9th  The  main  part  of  the  more  able-bodied 
of  the  troops  arrived  at  the  fort  at  Will's  Creek  on 
this  evening,  when  the  officers  of  the  several  com 
panies  made  a  detailed  report  to  Colonel  Washington, 
of  the  present  condition  and  actual  loss  of  each  in  the 
battle  of  the  Great  Meadows.  [See  Regimental  Re 
port  farther  onJ]  ' 

Here  on  the  banks  of  the  Potomac  the  weary 
soldiers  found  needed  rest  and  supplies. 

After  a  few  days  spent  in  providing  for  the  com 
forts  of  his  men,  Washington,  accompanied  by  Cap 
tain  Mackaye,  proceeded  to  Williamsburg  to  report 
the  result  of  the  campaign  to  the  Governor.89 

89  The  campaign  to  the  Ohio  ending  in  the  battle  of 
the  Great  Meadows  and  the  capitulation  of  Fort 
Necessity,  was  a  great  disappointment  to  the  British 
Ministry  and  to  Governor  Dinwiddie  and  his  friends, 
who  had  confidently  looked  upon  the  scheme  as  cer 
tain  to  be  a  surprise  and  to  end  in  a  complete 
check  to  the  French.  Although  not  fulfilling  these 
expectations,  it  was  eminently  useful  in  centering  the 
attention  of  the  English  Colonies  in  a  policy  of  the 
British  Ministry  to  dispossess  the  French,  from  not 
only  their  possessions  in  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi 
Valleys,  but  in  Canada  also.  The  frontiersmen  and 


Washington's  Journal.  165 

the  Colonies  were  now  more  than  ever  encouraged 
by  the  British  Ministry  to  be  aggressive,  without 
waiting  the  formalities  of  a  declaration  of  war. 

Washington,  with  his  small  force,  acquitted  him 
self  with  honor,  as  did  the  whole  body  of  his  troops. 
The  real  difficulties,  in  a  military  sense,  were  now 
better  than  ever  understood  ;  and  the  resolution  was 
stronger  than  ever,  on  the  part  of  Virginia,  to  per 
severe  in  the  determination  to  plant  a  fort  at  the  forks 
of  the  Ohio.  The  initial  blow  had  been  struck  which 
led  not  only  to  the  expulsion  of  the  French  but  also 
to  the  independence  of  the  American  Colonies. 

The  independent  company  from  Virginia  remained 
at  Will's  Creek. 

In  a  brief  time  a  full  report  of  the  armed  expedition 
to  the  Ohio  to  build  forts  and  its  failure  was  laid  be 
fore  the  House  of  Burgesses  by  the  Governor,  accom 
panied  by  detailed  accounts  of  its  operations,  by 
Colonel  Washington  and  Captain  Mackaye. 

The  consideration  of  the  report  of  the  expedition 
was  duly  referred  to  an  appropriate  committee  of 
the  House  of  Burgesses  for  their  examination,  which, 
after  careful  deliberation,  they  reported  to  the  House: 

"  August  30,  1754.  Upon  motion  made  in  House 
of  Burgesses,  Ordered,  That  the  Thanks  of  this  House 
be  given  to  Colonel  George  Washington,  Captain 
Mackaye  of  his  Majesty's  Independent  Company 
and  the  officers  under  his  command  —  Major  Adam 
Stephen,  Captains  Robert  Stobo,  Peter  Hog,  Andrew 


1 66  Appendix  to 

Lewis,  George  Mercer,  Lieutenants  Thomas  Wag 
oner,  William  Poison,  John  Savage,  James  Towers, 
Ensigns  William  Bronaugh,  John  Mercer,  William 
Peyronie  and  James  Craik  —  for  their  gallant  and 
brave  Behavior  in  the  Defence  of  their  Country, 
and  that  the  Speaker90  be  desired  to  write  to  Colonel 
Washington,  to  acquaint  him  of  the  same,  to  desire 
him  to  inform  the  Gentlemen  (the  officers)  of  it,  and 
to  communicate  to  the  Soldiers  the  just  Sense  this 
House  has  of  their  Bravery  also."  (See  Journal 
House  of  Burgesses.) 

90  Hon.  John  Robinson  was  Speaker  of  the  House  of 
Burgesses,  and  ex-officio  Treasurer  of  the  Colony  of 
Virginia.  His  term  of  office  extended  from  1754 
until  his  death  in  1766.  The  offices  were  subse 
quently  divided.  He  was  a  personal  friend  of  Colonel 
Washington,  and  enjoyed  to  the  fullest  extent  the 
confidence  and  respect  of  the  leading  citizens  of 
Virginia. 

Many  letters  on  public  business  passed  between 
the  Speaker  and  Colonel  Washington  while  the  lat 
ter  was  in  command  of  the  Virginia  troops  on  the 
western  border  of  the  state,  protecting  the  settlement 
from  Indian  incursions.  Thursday,  October  24,  1754, 
the  Speaker  acquainted  the  House  that,  in  obedience 
to  the  commands  of  the  House  the  last  session,  he 
had  transmitted  to  Colonel  George  Washington  the 
thanks  of  the  House,  etc.  *  *  *  and  that  he 
had  received  from  the  said  Colonel  Washington  an 
answer  as  follows  :  (Journal  of  the  House  of  Bur 
gesses  of  Virginia,  1754.) 


Washington  s  Journal.  167 

Washington's  reply,  October  23,  1754  : 
The  Journal  of  the  House  of  Burgesses  of  Virginia 
for  October  24th  1754,  contains  the  following:  "  Mr. 
Speaker  acquainted  the  House,  That  in  Obedience 
to  the  commands  of  the  House  the  last  Session,  he 
had  transmitted  to  Col.  George  Washington,  Captain 
Mackay,  of  his  Majesty's  Independent  Company,  and 
the  Officers  under  his  Command,  and  the  other  offi 
cers  of  the  Virginia  Regiment,  the  thanks  of  this 
House  for  their  late  gallant  and  Brave  Behaviour  in 
Defence  of  their  Country  and  had  desired  Colonel 
Washington  to  communicate  to  the  Soldiers,  the  just 
Sense  this  House  had  of  their  Bravery  also;  and  that 
he  had  received  from  the  said  Col.  Washington  an 
Answer  as  follows." 

"  WILLIAMSBURG,  October  23d,  1754. 
SIR.— 

Nothing  could  give  me,  and  the  Officers  under  my 
Command,  greater  Satisfaction,  than  to  receive  the 
Thanks  of  the  House  of  Burgesses,  in  so  particular 
and  public  a  Manner,  for  our  Behaviour  in  the  late 
unsuccessful  Engagement  with  the  French,  and  we 
unanimously  hope  that  our  future  Proceedings  in  the 
service  of  our  Country,  will  entitle  us  to  a  Continu 
ance  of  your  Approbation,  I  assure  you,  Sir  I  shall 


1 68  Appendix  to 

always  look  upon  it  as  my  indispensable  Duty  to  en 
deavour  to  deserve  it. 

I  was  desired  by  the  officers  of  the  Virginia  Regi 
ment  to  make  their  suitable  Acknowledgments  for 
the  Honor  they  have  receiv'd  in  your  Thanks; 

I  therefore  hope  the   inclosed  will  be  agreeable, 
and  answer  their,  and  the  intended   Purpose  of 
Sir  your  most  obedient  humble  Servant 

GEO.  WASHINGTON." 

"  And  that  he  had  also  received  inclosed  in  the 
above,  a  joint  Letter  of  all  the  Officers  in  the 
Virginia  Regiment,  signed  by  Col.  Washington,  in 
their  Behalf  as  follows: 

"  To  the  Worshipful  the  Speaker,  and  the  Gentle 
men  of  the  House  of  Burgesses  : 

We  the  Officers  of  the  Virginia  Regiment  are 
highly  sensible  of  the  particular  Mark  of  Distinction, 
with  which  you  have  honored  us  in  returning  your 
Thanks  for  our  Behaviour  in  the  late  Action:  and 
cannot  help  testifying  our  grateful  Acknowledgments 
for  your  high  Sense  of  what  we  shall  esteem  a  Duty 
to  our  Country,  and  to  the  best  of  Kings. 

Favor'd  with  your  Regard,  we  shall  zealously  en 
deavour  to  deserve  your  Applause,  and  by  our 
future  Actions,  strive  to  convince  the  Worshipful 


Washington  s  Journal.  169 

House  of  Burgesses  how  much  we  esteem  their 
Approbation;  and  as  we  ought,  to  regard  it  as  the 
voice  of  our  Country. 

Signed  for  the  whole  Corps 

GEO.  WASHINGTON." 

"The  following  action  was  taken  by  the  House  of 
Burgesses  of  Virginia,  October  25,  1754. 

''Upon  motion  made, 

"  Resolved,  That  an  honorable  address  be  presented 
to  his  Honor,  the  Governor,  to  express  our  approba 
tion  of  the  conduct  and  gallant  behaviour  of  the  sev 
eral  officers  of  the  Virginia  forces,  except  George 
Muse,  late  Lieutenant-Colonel,  and  Jacob  van  Braam, 
late  Captain,  and  to  desire  his  Honor  to  recommend 

them  in  a  particular  manner  to  his  Majesty's  favor. 
*  #  * »» 

The  House  of  Burgesses  also  granted  a  bounty  of  a 
pistole  to  each  and  every  soldier  who  served  in  the 
battle  of  the  Great  Meadows. 

The  Morning  Return  of  Colonel  Washington's 
Regiment,  July  i,  I754-91 

91  This  report  of  the  Virginia  Regiment,  at  the  time 
under  the  command  of  Colonel  Washington,  made 
just  before  the  battle  of  the  Great  Meadows,  as  well 
as  the  reports  of  the  several  companies  composing 
the  regiment,  on  the  Qth  of  July,  at  Will's  Creek, 


22 


170 


Appendix  to 


after  the  battle,  are  preserved  among  the  manuscript 
collection  made  by  Peter  Force,  and  now  in  the 
Library  of  Congress.  The  papers  have  the  appear 
ance  of  being  the  originals;  at  all  events  they  bear 
Washington's  indorsement.  They  are  deemed  of 
such  importance  as  to  justify  their  being  given  as  a 
part  of  the  history  of  this  noted  campaign. 


Fit  for  duty 
and  present. 

Absent. 

On  command. 

jj 

_o 
CO 

Prisoners. 

Number  of 
the  whole. 

Colonels  

2 
I 

5 
4 

3 
ii 

9 
6 

218 

2 

I 

5 
5 
4 
1  1 

10 

6 
249 

Majors  .... 

Captains  

Lieutenants  

I 

Ensigns 

I 

Serieants    . 

Corporals  

I 

Drummers  

3 

26 

I 

I 

Total 

259 

3 

27 

2 

2 

293 

Indorsed  in   Colonel    Washington's    handwriting, 
"  A  report  of  ye  Regim4  July  Ist,  1754." 


Return  of  Captain  Stobo's  Company,  July  9,  1754. 

Men  Fit  for  Duty.          David  Welch, 

Nathaniel  Lewis, 
John  Franklin, 
Adam  Jones, 
John  Carroll, 


James  Carson, 
John  Goldson, 
John  James, 
William  Coffland, 


Washington  s  Journal. 


171 


Charles  Smith, 
William  Stallons, 
Robert  McKoy, 
Jessy  Morris, 
Joseph  Gibbs, 
Anthony  Kennedy, 
Charles  Waday, 
Henry  Bayly, 
William  Deweny, 
Nicholas  Foster, 
Jean  Moore, 
Jas  Welch, 
Joseph  Costerton, 
Henry  Bowman, 
Henry  Neill, 
John  Bryan, 
Jacob  Gowing, 
Benjam  Gause, 
John  Brown, 
James  Milton, 
Wm  Swallow. 

Wounded. 
Michael  McGrath, 
Michael  Reily, 
Patrick  Durphy, 
James  Good, 


Alexander  Stewart, 
Robert  McCulroy, 
Peregrin  Williams, 
SolomonBotson(Deserted). 

Killed  in  the  Engagement. 
John  Ritson, 
Daniel  McClaran, 
Thomas  Fisher, 
John  Tranton. 

Left  with  sick. 
Edward  Graves, 
Richard  Morris. 

Left  Lame  on  road. 
Thomas  Langdon(Serjeant), 
Ware  Rocket, 
Daniel  Staple. 

Sick  in  camp. 

Robert  Tunstile  (Serjeant), 
Dennis  Kinton, 
John  Allen, 
James  Batty, 
Thomas  Ogden. 

Absent  as  Hostage. 
Capt  Robert  Stobo. 


172 


Appendix  to 


Indorsed    by    Colonel    Washington,    "Return    of 
Captain  Stobo's  Company." 

A  Return  of   Captain   Stobo's  Company  July  9, 
I754- 


T? 

i 

1 

ex 

a 

6 

fl-5 

a 

8 

Fit  for 

•d 

c 

3 
O 

If 

o 
u 

a 

fl 

i 

_G 
Jri 

duty. 

M 

* 

3 

3 

Captain  

Hostage 

i 

Privet  Men   

8 

2 

2 

2 

WILLIAM  POLSON. 

Indorsed    in    George    Washington's    handwriting 
"  Return  of  Captain  Stobo's  Company." 

Return  of  Captain  Hog's  company  given  the  9th  of 
July,  1754. 

Michael  Scully, 
William  Johnston, 
Abner  Hazlip, 
William  Coleman, 
Thomas  Kitson, 


Men  Fit  for  Duty. 
Jesse  May, 
James  Samuel, 
Joseph  Milton, 
Benjamin  Hamilton, 
Mathew  Cox, 
John  Martin, 


Nicholas  Morgan, 
Thos  Moss, 


Washington  s  journal. 


173 


John  Ogilby, 
John  Roe, 
Southey  Hazlip, 
James  Thomas, 
Peter  Effluck, 
Duncan  Farguson, 
Thomas  Chaddwick, 
John  Ramsay, 
Andrew  Fowler, 
Zachariah  Smith, 
Thos  Napp, 
Bibby  Brooke, 
Thos  Slaughter, 
Joseph  Gatewood, 
Briant  Page, 
John  Meares, 
Mathew  Levison, 
William  Underbill, 
Thos  Harris. 

Wo^mded. 
Robert  Jones, 
James  Heyter, 
Mathew  Durham, 


Joshua  Burton, 
Argil  House, 
David  Gorman, 
Robert  Elliot, 
Samuel  Hyden, 
John  Chapman, 
Edward  Goodwin, 
James  Ford, 
Dudley  Skinner. 

Lame  on  the  road. 
Joseph  Scott, 
Marshal  Pratt, 
William  Dean, 
James  Letort, 
Dominick  Moran. 

Left  with  the  wounded. 
Andrew  Clark, 
John  Stephens, 

Sick  in  the  camp. ' 
Philip  Gatewood. 


Return  made  per  William  Bronaugh. 


174 


Appendix  to 


Indorsed   in    Colonel    Washington's  handwriting, 
"  A  particular  return  for  Captain  Hog's  company." 

A  Return  of  Captain  Hog's  Company,  on  the  Qth  of 
July,  1754. 


T3 
0 

S3 

S3 

Wounded. 

Left  with 
wound. 

Lame  on  road. 

s 

1 

Sick  in  camp. 

Fit  for 
duty. 

I 

I 

I 

2 

12 

2 

I  e 

I 

74. 

1  j 

Return  per  Wm  Bronaugh. 

Indorsed    in    Colonel    Washington's  handwriting, 
"  Return  of  Captain  Hog's  company,  a  general  one." 

A  particular  return  of  Captain  Lewis's  Company 
July  9,  1754. 

Men  Fit  for  Duty.      William  Poor, 
John  Whitman, 
John  Smith, 
William  Harbinson, 
Robert  Grymes, 


John  Poor, 


Michael  McCannon, 
John  Maston, 
John  Biddlecome, 
Thomas  Pearson, 
Edward  Bailey, 


Washingtoii s  Journal. 


John  Powers, 
James  Furguson, 
Jabes  Rowe, 
John  Mulholand, 
Patrick  Coyle, 
John  Smith, 
John  Rodgers, 
Mathew  Jones, 
Joseph  Baxter, 
James  Ludlow, 
Thos  Foster, 
Thos  Burney, 
John  Burk, 
Cornelius  Henley, 
William  Carnes, 
Tarance  Swinney, 
James  Smith, 
John  Field. 

Wounded. 
Captain  Lewis, 
Lieutenant  Savage, 
John  McCulley, 
James  Fullham, 
John  Rodgers, 
Thomas  Bird, 


Edward  Cahell, 
Arthur  Watts, 
Nehemiah  Tendell, 
John  Durham, 
Thomas  Nicholson, 
Nathan  Chapman, 
Philip  Comerley, 
George  McSwine. 

Killed  in  battle. 
Thomas  Scott, 
Gerrett  Clark, 
John  Ramsay. 

Left  with  sick. 
Josias  Baker, 
Thomas  Stedman, 
Robert  Murphy, 
James  Tytus, 
John  McEntire, 
Bethow  Burns, 
Patrick  McPick, 
John  Truston, 
Daniel  Malatte, 
James  McCormack. 


176 


Appendix  to 


Indorsed  by   Colonel  Washington,  "A   particular 
return  of  Captain  Lewis'  Company." 

A  return  of  Captain  Lewis'  Company  given  in  on 
9th  of  July,  1754. 


Killed. 

Wounded. 

Left  with 
wound. 

Lame  on  road. 

! 

Sick  in  camp. 

Fit  for 
duty. 

Captain      .    

Lieutenant     

j 

None 

I 

i 

Pnv  IVIen  • 

2 

g 

. 

Indorsed  in  Colonel  Washington's  handwriting, 
"  A  general  Return  of  Captain  Lewis'  Company 
after  ye  Engage1  3d  of  July." 


A  List  of  Captain  van  Braam's  Company,  July  Qth, 

1754- 

Serjeant  Rudol.  Brickner, 
Wile  Johnston, 
George  Taylor, 
John  Potter, 
Joseph  Powell, 
Dernsey  Simmons. 


Killed. 

John  Robinson, 
Wm  Simmons, 
Wm  Bailey. 


Wounded. 

Serjeant  John  Hamilton, 


Washington**  Journal. 


177 


Sick  in  camp. 
Wm  Gerrard. 


Wm  Mitchell, 
John  Stewart, 
John  McGuire, 
Charles  Allbury, 
Francis  Self, 
John  Johnston, 
John  Campbell, 
Edward  King, 
John  Coin, 
Charles  Dunn, 
Patrick  Galloway, 
Jacob  Funkhowser, 
Barnard  Draxeller, 
George  Gobell, 
William  Carter, 
John  Thomson, 
Thomas  Hennessy, 
Francis  Rogers, 
Benjamin  Spiser, 

Men  Fit  for  duty.        Edward  Whitehead, 
Thomas  Carter  (Serjeant), Hugh  Paul, 
John  Allen  (Corporal),      Angus  McDonald, 


Sick  on  road. 
Robert  Bell, 
George  Merharren, 
Richard  Bolton. 

On  Command. 
Thomas  Dunahough, 
Michael  Franks. 

A  bsent. 

William  Knowls, 
James  Black, 
John  Brown, 
Nicholas  Major, 
Godfry  Bombgarden. 


Esechial  Richardson 


Christopher  Byarly, 


23 


Arthur  Howard, 
M2ithias  Sharp, 
Edward  Minor. 

Per  John  Mercer,  Ensign. 


Appendix  to 


Indorsed   in   Washington's   handwriting,  "A    par 
ticular  report  of  Captain  van  Braam's  Company." 

A  Return  of  Captain  van  Braam's  Company,  given 
on  the  9th  of  July,  1754. 


Killed. 

Wounded. 

Left  with 
wound. 

Lame  on  road. 

bJD 
1 

Sick  in  camp  . 

Fit  for  duty. 

Hostage, 

I 

Serieants                  « 

2 

Privet  Mien  «    •    «  •  • 

* 

7 

2 

•3 

I 

26 

o 

A  Return  for  John  Mercer,  Ensign. 

Indorsed   in  Washington's  handwriting,  "  Return 
of  Captain  van  Braam's  Company." 

The  within  is  a  true  return  of  Captain  Mercer's 
Company,  given  in  at  Will's  Creek,  July  9,  1754. 

Fit  for  Duty.  David  Montgomery, 

William  Lowery, 
Samuel  Arsdale, 
Nath  Barret, 
Wm  Field, 
John  Ferguson, 
George  Gibbons, 


James  Tyrrel, 
John  Boyd, 
Edward  Evans, 
James  Dewey, 
James  Gevin, 
Robert  Bennet, 


Washington  s  Journal. 


179 


Jacob  Myer, 
Frederick  Rupart, 
Henry  Ernest, 
Alexander  Pierry, 
Thomas  Burk, 
Adam  Leonard, 
Hugh  Stone, 
Christoph  Bombgardner, 
Claud  Dallowe, 
Christoph  Helsley, 
John  Beyans, 
Thomas  Burris, 
John  Farmer, 
Philip  Walters, 
Robert  Bennet. 

Left  with  the  wounded. 
Michael  Walker, 
Wm  Broughton, 
Henry  Bristowe, 
Mark  Hollis. 

Wounded. 
Robert  Stewart, 
Tim0  Conway, 
William  Gardner, 
Joshua  Jordan. 


Killed. 

Barnaby  McKan, 
William  Pullen. 

Lame  on  the  Road. 
John  May, 
John  Gallahour, 
John  Clements, 
John  Huston, 
Wm  Mclntire. 

Missing. 
John  Bisnor, 
Wm  Holland, 
Mathew  Howard. 

Sick  in  the  camp. 
Hugh  McKay, 
James  Daily. 

Taken  prisoner. 
Jacob  Arrens. 

Absent  on  leave. 
John  McQuire. 

G.   MERCER. 


i8o 


Appendix  to 


Return  of  Captain  Mercer's  Company  given  in  the 
9th  of  July,  1754. 


«o 

£ 

5 

Wounded 

6-a 
'i§ 

-w  O 

3* 

il 

_) 

b£ 
q 

•i 

.2 

Sf 

•SS 

K 

Taken 
prisoner 

& 

«t 

S3 
t!  g 
g 

Absent  on 
leave 

Number  of 
the  whole 

Captain  

I 

Lieutenant  

None  to  ye 

company 

Sergeant  

I 

i 

Corporals  

1 

i 

Privet  Men  

2 

•7 

5" 

I 

I 

26 

I 

CO 

Given  at  Will's  Creek,  per  G.  Mercer. 

On  back  in  Washington's  handwriting,  "  Return  of 
Captain  Mercer's  Company." 

Also  on  back  in  Washington's  hand,  "A  particular 
and  general  return  of  Captain  Mercer's  Company." 

Dr    The  Country  in  Ace4  with  George  Washington.92 


1754. 

Apl  6. 

To  Expences  of  the  Regimtat  Edward  Thomp 
son's  in  Marching  up                        ...        . 

2 

16 

6 

8. 

To  Bacon  for  D°  of  John  Vestal  at  Shanandoah 
&  Ferriages  over   

I 

9 

10. 

To  Cash  to   B.   Hamilton   for   discovering  ye  ) 
plot  of  4  Sold™  to  Desert   .      .        f 

I 

4 

To  Cash  to  Mr  Wood  

17 

6 

8 

To  D°  for  Enlisting  Thomas  Kitson 

I 

6 

o 

To  D°  for  Enlisting  Barnaby  Evans       .    ...    ... 

I 

6 

2 

To  D°  to  a  Joiner  for  a  Standard  

4 

i*A 

To  D°  to  a  Blacksmith  for  mending  a  W^ag'. 

6 

To  D°  for  an  Ace*  of    Brickners    Expenc*  to  \ 
Belhn  with  Recrutes  in  Feb'  last                          f 

4 

6 

To  an  Exoress  at  Edwards's..  . 

7 

Q 

Washington  s  Journal. 


181 


To  Cash  to  Jacob  Arrans  at  Enlisting     N.  B.  ~\    . 
this  person  was  one  of  Cap*  Trents  Men,  j 
Master  of  the  Indian  Language  &  perfectly  V      4       6 
acquainted  with  all  the  way  &  Mount118  betvva 

this  and  y€  Fork J 

Edward  Lucas  —  another 3        i        6 

To  Cash  to  John  McGuire  at  Enlisting i      =6        3 

To  D°  to  John  Smith  at  D° i        6        3 

To  D"  to  John  Baker  at  D° 163 

To  D°  to  Wm  Cromwell  Dy  Cy  to  buy  Cattle 18        8        4 

To  Enlisting  John  Lee 163 

To  Cash  for  Flour 19      14 

To  an  Express 480 

To  Cash  to  Mr  Croghon 21      10       o 

To  D°  for  Flour 17       4       o 

To  D°  to  Wm  Jenkins  for  a  Formal  Express o      15      10 

To  Enlisting  of  James  Bowman  Thomas  i        6        3 

To  D°  pd  for  Bacon i        2 

To  hire   of  my  Horse  to  Ward  &  Saddle  & 

Bridlelost 

To  my  Expences  in  Riding  to  &  from  Wmsburg 

after  y9  late  Engagement 

To  Expences  in  comeing  down  Potomack  River 
P  for  Canoes  Menhire  &°  this  was  undertaken 

by  ye  particular  desire  of  Col°  Charles  Carter 

To  an  Express  from  Alexa  to  Winchester i      10 

i  To  Sundry  small  disbursem"  wch  I  cannot  ) 
recollect  or  Ace*  for  having  lost  all  my  papers  > 
in  ye  Engagement93 ) 


93  Washington's  First  Account  with  Virginia,  rendered  October,  1754. 
This  document  gives  us  much  desirable  information.  The  journal  of  the 
expedition  to  the  Ohio  kept  by  Colonel  Washington  as  we  have  it,  manipu 
lated  as  it  has  been  by  the  French,  does  not  furnish  information  as  to  the  road 
the  little  troop  took  from  Alexandria  to  Will's  Creek.  But  one  place  is  named 
in  it,  viz.,  Pearsal's,  on  the  south  branch  of  the  Potomac.  This  memoranda 
of  expenditures  left  us  in  Washington's  handwriting,  and  preserved  in  the 
Department  of  State,  renders  it  probable  that  he  took  the  more  northerly 
road  from  Alexandria  through  Loudoun  County  and  crossed  the  Blue  Ridge 
through  Vestal's  Gap,  passing  the  Shenandoah  River  at  Vestal's  Ferry. 
At  this  ferry  an  expense  of  £i  gs  was  incurred.  Then  it  is  probable  the 
march  was  to  Winchester.  The  cash  paid  to  Mr.  Wood,  it  is  presumed, 
was  to  Mr.  [James]  Wood,  of  Winchester,  for  supplies  of  various  kinds,  as 
he  was  one  of  the  principal  business  men  at  and  the  founder  of  that  town. 
Thence  the  march  was  by  Edwards's  Fort,  on  the  south  branch  of  the  Great 
Cacapehon  Creek,  where  a  slight  expense  was  incurred,  thence  by  Pearsal's 
and  down  the  south  branch  to  the  Potomac,  crossing  to  Cresap's,  and 
thence  up  the  Potomac  to  Will's  Creek. 

93  This  is  a  very  emphatic  statement  by  Washington  that  he  lost  all  his 
papers  at  the  battle  of  the  Great  Meadows.  It  favors  the  conclusion  reached 
by  the  editor  that  the  journal  of  the  expedition  to  the  Ohio,  which  the 
French  got,  fell  into  their  hands  at  the  battle  of  the  Great  Meadows,  and 
not  at  the  battle  of  the  Monongahela,  in  1755,  as  is  usually  stated. 


1 82  Appendix  to 

[The  Country  in  Ace1  with  George  Washington] 


May 


By  Cash  of  Majr  Carlyle 

By  D°  of  ye  Right  Honble  the  Ld  Fairfax  . 

By  D°  of  Captn  Stobo  wcb  was  found  in  Col° 

Frys  posn 

By  D°  of  Col°  Muse  in  p*  of   what  he  had  of 

Col°  Fry 


23 
no 

45 

4 

183 


183 


Washington's  Journal.  183 

[The  Country  in  Accfc  with  George  Washington.] 

Memorandum  in  Washington's  handwriting. 

I 

A  Copy  of  my  Ist 
ace1  handed  to  the 
Committee  October  [1754] 


s.  d. 

£183- -I --9. 


Dr  The  Country  to  George  Washington 


July 
2gth 

To  Cash    to   an    Express   for   money   from 
\Villiamsburg 

•i 

iq 

To  Do  lost  in  the  co'*  of  ^600  brought  by 
the  V*  Express     

i 

II 

-3 

To  the  payment  of  the  Regiment  as  p'r  pay 
Bill 

7QO 

I-a 

A 

Augst  i 

To  a  pistole  bounty  Money  to  218  Soldiers 
as  pr  List  

214 

7 

I 

To  98  Do  Capt  McKayas  per  Receipt  &  pr 
Order  

IO5 

7 

14th 

20 

To   Cash    to  Carson  for  apprehending  two 
Deserters  &  Charges  per  Do  as  p'r  R  
To  Do  to  Capt  Mercer  for  recruiting  as  p'r 
ace'*  

5 
6 

3 
14 

6 
q 

22d 

To  Do  to  Lieutenant  James  Towers  as  p'r 
Do  

e 

I 

8 

25 

fTo  Do  to  Frances  Self  his  expence  and  ) 
trouble  in  finding  Armes  sold  by  De-  > 
|      serted  Soldiers   ...        .        .        .            ) 

2 

15 

0 

27 

l^To  Do  to  Constable  for  arresting  him  
To  Do  to  Mr  Bullet  for  Recruiting  as  p'r 
accoumpt 

I 

18 

i 

1-7 

6 

2 

Sep4  4»h 

To  Do  to  John  May  for  his  expences  in  per- 
suit  of  Deserters  

o 

IO 

o 

To  Do  to  Charles  Smith  for  Do  in  persuit  of 
Deserters... 

i 

5 

0 

1 84 


Appendix  to 


10 


Oct  2C 


To  Do  for  Enlisting  recruits  with  expences. 
To  Do  pd  Daniel  Cincheloe  for  Deserter. . . . 
To  Do  pd  Sergeant  Trotter  for  his  Expences 

in  p'g  of  Dese'f 

To  Do  pd  Charles  Callineaux  his  recruiting 

Expences 

To  Do  Serg'nt  Carter  for  his  Expences  in 

following  Deserters 

To  Do  to  Cap'fc  Hogg  as  p'r  accoun't  for  2 

recruits 

To  Do  to  a  Negroe  for  finding  2  muskets  ) 

supposed  to  be  lost  ever  since  last  May  \ 

To  Do  for  Wm  Scot  a  new  Recruit  &  Charges 

To  Do  to  Henry  Hardin  for  b'g  a  Deserter 

as  p'r  Recp' 

To  Do  to  Cap*  Lewis  and  the  Detach- "] 
ment  under  his  Command  sent  to  Au-  I 
gusta  by  the  Governor's  orders  —  See  ( 

the  pay  Bill  for  that  purpose J 

(  To    Do   to  Cap*  Poison  in  part  for  his 
comp'y  pay  to  y'a  2gth  of  Sep*  p'r  Re- 

(      ceipt 

To    Do    Cap'tn    Hogg    for    p'r    Do  —   p'r 

Receipt 

To  Do  to  Cap'1  Mercer  for  Do  —  as  p'r  Do. 
To  Do  to  Cap'*  Poison  Expences  to  Wm- 
burg  as  an  Express  &  for  Cash  w'ch  he 


p'd  a  Wounded  Soldier. 


3 

2 

18 
3 

O 

12 

o 

14 

8 

2 

12 

O 

7 

I 

ii 

2 

3 

155 

15 

2O 

i 

14 
15 

19 

5 

6 

9 

1411 
1420 

16 

0 

8 

4 

3 
o 

6 

4/z 

9 

o 

6 

3 


The  County  to  George  Washington  Cr 


By  Cash   of    Maj'r    Carlyle   to    distribute! 
among  the  Soldiers  of  the  Virginia  Regi-  | 
ment   &    Cap'*    McKay's    Independent  \ 
Company  by  order   of   the    Committee  j 
allow'g  each  man  one  pistole  j 
By  Cash  of   His  Honour  y'e  Governor   p'r 
Express                

320 
600 

o 
o 

IO 

o 

By  Do  of  Maj'r  Carlyle  

CQO 

o 

o 

1420 

0 

10 

The  whole  in  Washington's  handwriting. 


Washington  s  Journal.  185 


Indorsed  in  Washington's  handwriting, 

"A  copy  of  my 
Regiment  —  accd  deli'd 
into  the  committee 
October  [1754] 

s        d 
^"1420  .  o  ..  TO 


In  Department  of  State,  Washington,  D.  C. 
24 


1 86 


Appendix  to 


Pay  Roll  of  the  Virginia  Regiment.94 

Commenceing  from  the  2gth  of  May  and  Ending  July  29th,  1754. 


Of  the  Commission'd  Officers 

S 

um  Pai 

d 

Colonel                              .... 

AC 

Lieutenant  Col°  George  Muse  till  the  2Oth  of  July  
Lieut.  Adam  Stephen  from  the  2oth  July  with  his  ) 
other  pay  as  Major  &  Captain                                   \ 

3i 

•3  I 

15 
o 

6 

Majr  Robert  Stobo  his  pay  as  Captain  &  Major  from 
the  2oth  July  

2C 

6 

o 

Cap*" 
Peter  Hog.  .        as  <jft  Ace*  &  Receipt 

24. 

8 

Andrew  Lewis  .       .  .  as  ^P  ditto 

24 

8 

Jacob  Vanbraam  

24 

8 

George  Mercer           .   as  ^jft                ditto 

2-1 

12 

Thomas  \Vaggoner  .  .  .  as  ^  ditto 

14. 

William  Poison  as  <p  ditto     

11 

12 

Leiuts 
John  Savage  as  ^             .   ditto9^              . 

12 

James  Towers  as  ^     ditto 

12 

2 

William  Bronaugh..  .  .as  ^  ditto96      

12 

John  Mercer                  as  3ft                ditto                 . 

II 

James  Craik  as  <p             .   ditto         

IO 

John  West  as  <jft     .  .         ditto       

12 

4 

Ensigns 
William  Wright  from  the  2Oth  July97.  .  .  .  ,  .         .... 

Carolus  Sprittdolph  from  2ist  Ditto  

I 

4 

Thomas  Bullett  from  the  22nd  Ditto98 

I 

I 

*  Walter   Stuart  from   the  23d  Ditto99      

*  mistake  in  ye  date 
100  Majr  John  Carlyle  Commissary  of  Stores  &c  as  ^ 
Accc       

•22 

O 

6 

Mr  Peyrouney  (Ensign  &   Adjutant)  from   the   3d 
June  <P  Ditto  

2O 

7 

Mr  Craik  Surgeon  ....         as  <P  Ditto 

12 

4 

Sum  pd  ye  several  Officers  

380 

Q 

o 

[End  of  first  page.] 


Washington s  Journal.  187 

94  This   pay-roll   of    the    Virginia    Regiment    is    preserved    among   the 
Washington    papers  in    the  Department  of   State  at  Washington.     It  has 
been  copied  with  literal  exactness  and  is  given  here  as  of  special  interest 
as  a  part  of  the  history  of  the  campaign  of  1754. 

95  Captain  John  Savage  served  with  Colonel  Washington,  in  the  Expedi 
tion  of  1754,  as  Lieutenant,  commissioned  as  such,  March  9,  of  that  year. 
Having  behaved  well  in  the  battle  of  Fort  Necessity  his  name  is  included 
among  the  officers  thanked  by  resolution  of  the  House  of  Burgesses.     He 
was  also  a  recipient  of  2,572  acres  of  land  under  Governor  Dinwiddie's 
proclamation.     Mr.  Savage  served  likewise  in  the  Braddock  Expedition,  and 
was  with  Colonel  Washington,  as  a  Captain,  protecting  the  frontier  against 
incursions  of  the  French  and  Indians  in  1756.     He  resigned  and  left  the 
service  in   January  of  this   year.     [See  letter  of   Colonel  Washington  to 
Governor  Dinwiddie,  January  25,1756.] 

96  Captain  William  Bronaugh  was  a  resident,  and  I  believe,  a  native  of 
Fairfax  county,  Va.     He  went  out  with  the  armed  Expedition  to  the  Ohio, 
in  1754.     He  was  soon  advanced  to  be  an  Ensign  in  Captain  Peter  Hog's 
company.     Governor  Dinwiddie  in  a  letter  to  Colonel  Fry,  of  March  18, 
1754,  commends   Mr.  Bronaugh  for   an  Ensign's   commission.     He  went 
through  the  campaign  with  reputation.     He  was  in  the  battle  of  the  Great 
Meadows,  and  is  ranked  as  an  Ensign  and  mentioned  by  name  in  the  vote 
of  thanks  tendered  by  the  House  of  Burgesses  to  the  officers  who  were  in 
that  battle.     He  received  6,000  acres  of  land  under  Governor  Dinwiddie's 
proclamation   and   continued  in  the    service  as   a   Lieutenant   in   Captain 
Peyronie's  company   in  the  ill-fated    Braddock    Expedition.     He    served 
with  Colonel  Washington  on  the  Virginia  frontier,  in  1756,  as  a  Captain. 
[See  Washington's  letter  to  Captain  Bronaugh,  December  17,  1756.] 

97  Lieutenant  William  Wright  had    served  as  an  Ensign,  commissioned 
July  20,    1754,  and  was  promoted  to  a  Lieutenancy,  November  18,   1754. 
Continuing  in  the  service,  he  was  killed  in  battle  at  the  defeat  of  Braddock. 
His    heirs   received    2,500    acres    of    land    under    Governor    Dinwiddie's 
proclamation.     [See  Governor  Dinwiddie's  letter  to  him,  February  12,  1755, 
giving  him  instructions  while  in  command  of  an  Indian  fort,]     His  name 
is  given  as  John  Wright,  whose  heirs  received  the  land  awarded  in  1771,  to 
the  soldiers  who  served  in  the  Expedition   of  1754.     [See  Washington's 
letter  to  Lord  Dunmore  and  Council,  November  5,  1772.] 

98  Captain  Thomas  Bullet  was  a  native  of  Prince  William  county,  Va.     He 
was  a  volunteer  in  the  armed  expedition  to  the  Ohio,  in  1754,  to  build  forts. 
His  commission  as  Ensign  was  dated  July  22  of  that  year,  although  he  had 
filled  the  position  for  some  time  before.    October  30  of  the  same  year  he  was 
made  Lieutenant.     He  remained  in  the  service  and  was  with  the  Virginia 
regiment  in  the  Braddock  Expedition,  and,  surviving  its  disaster,  continued 
in  the  service  under  Washington,  building  forts  across  the  State  from  the 
Potomac  to  the  Roanoke,  for  the  protection  of  the  inhabitants.     He  was  a 
vigilant,  active  and  an  efficient  officer.     He  was  with  General  Grant  in  his 
rash  attack  upon  Fort  Duquesne,  and  acquitted  himself  with  credit  in  that 
unnecessary  engagement.     In  May,  1758,  he  ranked  as  the  Captain  or  Senior 
Lieutenant  in  the  Virginia  regiment.     Washington,  in  a  letter  September 
25»  J758,  says:  "Your  old  acquaintance,  Captain  Bullet,  who  is  the  only 
officer  of  mine  that  came  off  untouched,  has  acquired  immortal  honor  in 
this  engagement  by  his  gallant  behaviour  and  long  continuance  in  the  field 
of  action."     In  1771  Captain   Bullet  materially  assisted  Washington  as  a 
distributer  of  the  Dinwiddie  land  gratuities  to  the  soldiers  of  the  campaign 


1 88  Appendix  to 

of  1754,  being  a  recipient  himself  of  6,000  acres.  He  became  quite 
an  explorer  of  the  western  country;  was  appointed  a  public  surveyor 
in  1760  [see  Washington,  Feb.  23,  1760],  and  in  1773  laid  off  a  town 
covering  part  of  the  present  site  of  the  city  of  Louisville,  Ky.  He  was  in 
the  battle  of  the  Great  Bridge  in  Virginia,  in  1775,  as  a  Lieutenant-Colonel, 
and  was  Governor  Henry's  Adjutant-General  of  Virginia  in  1776,  his  com 
mission  for  the  latter  office  bearing  date  Feb.  22,  1777.  He  died  in  the 
service  before  the  independence  of  the  country  was  recognized. 

99  Captain  Walter  Stuart  or  Stewart,  supposed  to  be  the  same  who  afterward 
was  a  General  in  the  Revolution,  was  born  in  Ireland.     He  seems  to  have 
served  in  the  Virginia  regiment  in  1754.    A  note  on  the  pay-roll  to  his  name 
says,  "  Mistake  in  the  date,"  referring  to  his  appointment  as  Ensign,  which 
is  given  as  July  23,  1754.    The  list  of  commissions,  with  date  of  appointment, 
published  in   the  Dinwiddie  Papers,  vol.  i,  p.  319,  gives  the    date  of  his 
commission  as  Ensign  as  July  25,  1754,  and  his  commission  as  Lieutenant  as 
August  31,  1754.     These  commissions  are  all  dated  after  the  battle  of  the 
Great  Meadows,  and,  as  he  is  not  named  among  the  officers  who  received 
land  under  Governor  Dinwiddie's  proclamation,  nor  in  the  vote  of  thanks 
to  those  in  the  battle  of  the  Great  Meadows,  it  is  possible  he  was  not  then 
in  the  service  nor  was  benefited  by  the  Governor's  proclamation.  He  remained 
in  the  army,  served  as  Ensign  with  the  Virginia  forces  in  Braddock's  Expe- 
dition,  and  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  the  Monongahela.     The  Assembly 
voted    him    a   gratuity   of  ^30   for  his   gallant   behavior    in    this   action. 
He   served  as   Lieutenant   under  Washington    in   protecting  the   western 
frontier  of    the    State    from    Indian   depredations    until   the  fall    of  Fort 
Duquesne,    was   in   the   engagement    known    as   Grant's  defeat,    at    Fort 
Pitt,  and   there    "  distinguished  himself  greatly."     [Washington's   letter, 
September  25,  1758.]     He  was  wounded,  but  escaped.     He  is  supposed 
to  be  the  officer  of  this  name  who  served  in    the  44th    Regiment   as  an 
additional  Lieutenant  and  was  retired  on  half-pay  in  1763.     In  the  Revo 
lution  he  was  Aide  de-Camp  to  General  Gates  and  Colonel  of  the  I3th 
Regiment   of   Pennsylvania,   in    1777,    and   acquitted   himself   honorably. 
He  was  considered    the  handsomest   man   in   the  army.     April    ir,   1781, 
he    married    Deborah,    daughter   of   Blair  McClenachan,    and   resided   in 
Philadelphia.     He  enjoyed  the    esteem    and    friendship    of    Washington. 
March  2,  1759,  he  petitioned  the  House  of  Burgesses,  setting  forth  that  he 
had  acted  as  Brigadier-Major  of  the  Virginia  Troops  from  the  7th  of  June, 
1758,  until  the  appointment  of  Captain  Robert  Stewart  to  that  office,  for 
which  he  had  not  been  paid.     A  resolution  of  the  House  the  following  day 
allowed  him  the  sum  of  ^27  los.  for  that  service.     Here  the  name  is  spelled 
Stewart.     [Journal  House  of  Burgesses.  March  24,  1759.] 

100  Major  John  Carlyle,  Commissary  of  Stores,  was  a  successful  merchant 
in  Alexandria,  Va.     He  was  a  native  of  Scotland,  but  began  business  on 
the  Potomac  before  1745.     By  marriage  he  was  related  to  the  Fairfaxes, 
having  married  Sarah,  second  daughter  of  the  Hon.  Wm.  Fairfax,  of  Belvoir. 
In  1753  he  resided  in  the  stone  house  on  Fairfax  street,  and  in  1755  enter 
tained  there  General  Braddock  and  the  Governor  of  the  five  provinces.    The 
house  is  still  standing  and  in  good  repair.  Governor  Dinwiddie  commissioned 
him  Commissary  of  Provisions  and  Stores  for  the  Expedition  to  the  Ohio 
river,  January  27,   1754.     [See  Dinwiddie   Papers,   i,  54.]     Mr.   Carlyle's 
mercantile  and  shipping  business  was  conducted  under  a  copartnership 
with  John  Dalton.    The  firm,  being  well  known  and  esteemed  for  its  honor 
able  dealing,  was  extensively  employed  in  furnishing  outfits  and  supplies 


Washingtons  Journal. 


189 


to  the  various  military  expeditions,  particularly  to  Braddock's  army,  and 
later  to  the  troops  employed  in  the  Indian  and  the' French  and  Indian  wars. 
When  the  charter  was  granted  to  the  town  of  Alexandria,  in  1748,  Colonel 
Carlyle  was  named  as  one  of  the  trustees.  In  1758,  after  the  death  of  his 
father-in-law,  Wm.  Fairfax,  he  was  appointed  to  succeed  him  as  Royal 
Collector  of  Customs  on  the  Potomac.  He  and  his  family  were  frequent 
and  always  welcome  visitors  at  Mount  Vernon,  and  General  and  Mrs. 
Washington  were  often  entertained  by  the  Carlyles  in  Alexandria. 

The  Commission  of  Major  John  Carlyle,  Commissary  of  Provisions  and 
Stores  is  as  follows: 

"  Robert  Dinwiddie,  Esq'r,  Lieut.  Gov'r  and  Com'd'r  in  Chief  of  the 
Colony  and  Dom'n  of  Virginia  — to  Maj'r  John  Carlisle: 

"  By  Virtue  of  the  Power  and  Authority  to  me  given  as  Com'd'r  in  Chief 
of  this  Colony,  I  hereby  constitute  and  appoint  you,  the  s'd  John  Carlisle, 
Commissary  of  Provisions  and  Stores  for  an  Expedition  intended  to  the 
River  Ohio,  in  this  Dom'n  and  appertaining  to  the  Crown  of  G.  B. 

"  You  are  therefore  carefully  and  diligently  to  provide  Provisos  of  all 
kinds  for  s'd  Expedition  (viz)  Bread,  Flour,  Corn,  Pork  and  Beef,  and  the 
same  to  have  carried  to  Will's  Creek,  from  thence  to  be  carried  to  the  Fort 
now  building  on  the  Waters  of  the  Ohio.  And  as  the  Act  of  Assembly  in 
regard  to  Invasions  provides  that  in  necessity,  Boats,  Sloops,  Waggons, 
Carts,  Horses,  &c.  may  be  impressed  for  expediting  the  Services  required, 
I  therefore,  agreeable  to  s'd  Act,  give  you  full  Power  on  Occasion  to  im 
press  Boats,  Sloops,  Waggons,  Carts,  Horses,  or  any  Thing  else  that  is 
necessary  for  the  safe  Conveyance  of  Provisions  or  Stores,  for  the  due  exe 
cution  of  the  Expedition  afores'd. 

"And  I  further  give  you  Power  and  Authority  to  appoint  one  or  more 
Deputies  to  be  aiding  and  Assisting  to  you  in  the  discharge  of  the  Trust 
repos'd  in  you.  For  such  Deputies  You  must  be  accountable.  And  I 
further  hereby  require  and  com'd  all  Magistrates,  Civil  and  Military,  and 
all  others  to  be  aiding  and  assisting  to  you  in  the  due  discharge  of  the  Duties 
requisite  by  this  Commission. 

"Given  under  my  Hand  and  the  Seal  of  the  Colony  at  W'msburgh  the 
26th  Day  of  Jan'y  In  the  27th  Year  of  His  Majestys  reign  Annoque  Dom. 

I754-" 
[From  Dinwiddie  Papers,  vol.  I,  p.  54.] 

Of  Cap1  Rob*  Stobo's  Compa 


No. 

Names 

Quality 

Su 

m  Pi 

ud 

Thomas  Lancrdon                       •  . 

Serjeant        . 

/•/i 

ii 

6 

Robert  Tunstall  

Ditto 

4 

ii 

6 

Corporal  .... 

3 

i 

Tames  Carson      .        

Drummer.  .  .  . 

^ 

i 

Private  Cent1. 

2 

8 

John  Tones 

D° 

2 

8 

Tohn  Goldson    . 

Do  .. 

2 

8 

Appendix  to 


Joseph  Gibbs 
Adam  Jones 
Richard  Smith 
Henry  Bailey 
Benjamin  Gause 
Jacob  Going 
William  Stal 
John  Capshaw 
Jesse  Morris 
James  Welsh 
Solomon 
Charles  Waddey 
Henry  Neale 
Robert  McCoy 
John  Brown 
Joseph  Cast 
Alexander  S 
Patrick  Doughy 
Henry  Bowman 
John  Harwood 
James  Milton 


Do  

DO 

th  

D» 

y   

Do  

iuse 

Do 

D" 

lions  

DO  

w 

DO 

D° 

D°   .  . 

tson  

DO  

Idey.  .    .  . 

D»      . 

DO  

>y... 

Do   

tewart  

DO            

j?hy  .... 

DO   

lan          .             .  . 

D° 

od  

D°  .  . 

n  

DO  

Carried  Over 

2 

8 

2 

8 

2 

8 

2 

8 

2 

. 

8 

2 

8 

2 

. 

8 

2 

. 

8 

2 

. 

8 

2 

, 

8 

2 

. 

8 

2 

8 

2 

. 

8 

2 

. 

8 

2 

8 

2 

. 

8 

2 

. 

8 

2 

. 

8 

2 

8 

2 

8 

2 

•        • 

8 

64 

I 

[End  of  second  page.] 


Of  Cap1  Robert  Stobos  Comp8 


No. 

Names 

Quality 

Su 

m  Pi 

lid 

Brought  Over 
William  Swallow  

Private  Cent1 

64 

/2 

i 

3 

Thomas  Ogdon  

D°    . 

2 

8 

Michael  McGaugh  

D°  

2 

8 

Peregrine  Williams  

D°  

2 

8 

Anthony  Cannaday  

D°  .  . 

2 

8 

John  Carroll  

D°  . 

2 

8 

Tames  Good.  . 

D°  

2 

8 

Sum  deld  Majr  Carlyle  for  pay* 

of  ye  abfl  Sol8. 

78 

5 

8 

[End  of  third  page.] 


Washingtoris  Journal. 
Of  Cap1  Peter  Hogs  Comp* 


191 


No. 

Names 

Quality 

Su 

m  pi 

lid 

Edrnond  ^Vaggoner           .        .  . 

Serjeant  .     .  . 

£  A 

ii 

6 

Richard  Trotter  

D°    

ii 

6 

Tames  Thomas 

Corporal 

i 

Nicholas  Morgan 

D° 

i 

James  Samuel  

Private  C1.  . 

2 

8 

Robert  Tones                              . 

D° 

2 

8 

Joseph  Milton     . 

D° 

2 

8 

Benjamin  Hamilton  

D°    

2 

8 

Joseph  Scott  

D°  

2 

8 

Phillip  Gatewood 

D° 

2 

8 

Matthew  Cox. 

D° 

2 

8 

John  Martin  

D°  

2 

8 

fames  Hyler  

D°  

2 

8 

D°  

2 

8 

Matthew  Durham 

D° 

2 

8 

William  Johnston.   .  .          . 

D°          

2 

8 

William  Coleman  

D°  

2 

8 

Abner  Hayslap 

D° 

2 

8 

Thomas  Moss  

D° 

2 

8 

Joshua  Burton  

D°    

2 

8 

D°  

2 

8 

Sou  thy  Hayslap 

D°        .      . 

2 

8 

Argyle  House  

D° 

2 

8 

Andrew  Clark  

D°  .  . 

2 

8 

D°  

2 

8 

Peter  Afflack 

D° 

2 

8 

Marshall  Pratt  

D° 

2 

8 

William  Dean  

D°  

2 

8 

D°  

2 

-   R 

David  Gorman  

D° 

2 

8 

Carried  Over 

£ 

68 

2 

4 

[End  of  fourth  page.] 


I92 


Appendix  to 
Of  Cap1  Peter  Hogs  Comp8 


No. 

Names 

Quality 

Su 

m  p£ 

Lid 

Brought  Over 

/ 

68 

2 

4. 

Xhomas  Chaddock 

Private  Cent1 

2 

8 

John  Ramsay. 

D°  .  . 

2 

8 

Andrew  Fowler  

D°  

2 

8 

Robert  Elliott  

D°  

2 

8 

Samuel  Hyden  . 

D° 

2 

8 

Zachary  Smith  .  .        .        . 

D° 

2 

8 

Thomas  Nap  ... 

D°  

2 

8 

Bibby  Brooks 

D° 

2 

8 

Xhomas  Slaughter 

D° 

2 

8 

Joseph  Gatewood  

D°  

2 

8 

Bryant  Page  

D°  

2 

a 

John  Chapman. 

D°    . 

2 

8 

Matthew  Leviston               

D°  

2 

8 

William  Underhill   

D°  

2 

8 

Edward  Goodwin 

D° 

2 

8 

Tames  Megs  .      ... 

D°  . 

2 

8 

Xhomas  Harris  

D°  

2 

8 

John  Mears 

D° 

2 

8 

Tames  Letort.                             . 

D° 

8 

Xhomas  Cellars  .  .    ... 

D°        

2 

8 

SumpdCaptn  Hogas  pr  Rec*  deld 

ye  Committee. 

108 

15 

8 

[End  of  fifth  page.] 

Of  Cap1  Andrew  Lewis'  Compa 


No. 

Names 

Quality 

Su 

m  P£ 

iid 

John  McCully  

Serjeant  

£<\ 

ii 

6 

Abraham  Mashaw  

Drumr  

•3 

i 

Robert  Graham  

Private  Cent1. 

2 

8 

Tosias  Baker 

D° 

2 

8 

John  Marston                          .... 

D°  i 

2 

a 

D°  

2 

8 

Xhomas  Stedman  

D°  

2 

a 

John  Smith                          .      .  . 

D°  

2 

8 

Matthew  Tones... 

D°.., 

2 

8 

Washington  s  Journal. 


T' 

Do 

2 
2 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

.... 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

2 

Nathan  Chapman  

DO  

Do 

Patrick  McPike      .... 

Do  

John  Mulholland  

Do      

Cornelius  Henley 

Do 

DO 

Do 

DO  

Michael  M°Cannon  

DO  

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

52 

9 

James  Ludlow  ... 

D«  

John  Feilds  

DO  

John  Burk  

DO  

Bartholomew  Barnes.               . 

D°  . 

John  Durham  .... 

DO  

John  Roe  

D°  

Robert  Murphew  

D°  

Sum  deliver'd  Mr  Savage  for  pays 

ye  abe  Compy  £ 

[End  of  sixth  page.] 


Of  Cap1  Vanbraam's  Company. 


No. 

Names. 

Quality 

Su 

m  p 

lid 

John  Hamilton  

Serj*  Majr 

/  1 

II 

6 

Rodolph  Brickner  

Serjeant  

4" 

ii 

6 

D°  

4 

ii 

6 

Nicholas  Major  

Corporal.  .  .  . 

a 

i 

John  Allan 

D° 

i 

Ezekiel  Richardson   

Drummer  ..  . 

q 

i 

John  Johnston  

Private  Cent1. 

2 

8 

William  Mitchel 

D° 

2 

8 

Do 

3 

Do  

8 

William  Knowles  

DO  

2 

8 

John  Campble  

DO  

2 

8 

D°  

2 

8 

James  Black  .... 

D° 

2 

8 

Patrick  Galloway    

DO  

2 

8 

DO  

2 

8 

Do 

2 

8 

25 

i94 


Appendix  to 


Edward  Whitehead 

Do 

8 

Hugh  Paul     

Do    

2 

8 

Do 

2 

8 

DO 

2 

8 

8 

2 

8 

John  Potter  

D° 

2 

8 

Thomas  Donnahough 

D° 

2 

8 

Carried  Over 

£ 

65 

II 

6 

[End  of  seventh  page.] 


Of  Cap1  Vanbraams  Compa 


No. 

Names 

Quality 

Su 

m  ps 

Lid 

Brought  Over 

6« 

ii 

6 

Michael  Franks 

Private  Cent1 

So 

8 

Francis  Self.  

D°  

2 

8 

William  Carter  

D«      

2 

8 

D°  

2 

8 

Robert  Bell    .             ... 

D°    .       .      . 

2 

8 

Wile  Johnson        

Corporal  .  ... 

•I 

i 

Priv1  Cent1.... 

2 

8 

\Villiam  Gerrard 

D° 

2 

8 

George  Taylor     .        . 

D°  

2 

8 

William  Hogan  

D°  

2 

8 

Pd  Mr  Towers  for  discharge  Cap1 
as  pr  Receipt      

Van  Camp* 

86 

18 

6 

[End  of  eighth  page.] 


Washington  s  Journal. 
Of  Cap1  George  Mercer's  Compa 


195 


No. 

Names 

Quality 

Sum  Paid 

Mark  Hollis  

Serjeant 

£4 
4 
3 
3 
3 

2 
2 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

1      2 
2 

2 
2 
2 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

67 

II 
II 

I 
I 

I 

2 

6 
6 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

James  Tyrroll  

Ditto  .. 

Hugh  McCoy 

Corporal 

John  Boydd  

Ditto    .... 
Drummer  ..  .  . 

Private  Cent1. 
D°  

Edward  Evans  

Robert  Bennett  

Philip  Waters    

D°    . 

William  Holland  

DO  

D°  

William  Lowerv    

D° 

Samuel  Arsdale  

D° 

Nathaniel  Barrett  

D°  

John  Ferguson  

D»  

George  Gibbons   

D° 

DO  

Alexander  Perry  

DO  

John  Farmer  

D°  

D-  ..  .   . 

Claud  Dallow  

DO    

James  Ford  

D°  

James  Cammock  

D°    . 

D°  

John  McQuire'  

D°  

William  Broughton  

D°  

D°  .    ... 

John  Gallihour  

D°  

D° 

Richard  Pritchard  

D° 

Sum  Carrd  over 

[End  of  ninth  page.] 


196  Appendix  to 

Of  Cap1  George  Mercers  Compa 


No. 

Names 

Quality 

Sum  Paid 

Brought  Over 
Cristopher  Bomgardiner 

67 

2 
2 
2 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
2 

S2 

86 
52 
108 

78 
389 
^798 

2 
12 

3 
13 
4 
16 

15 

18 

9 
15 
5 
9 
13 

8 
8 
8 
8 
4 
4 
8 
8 
8 

4 
6 

2 

8 
8 

4 

Private  Cent1. 
D°  

D°  

Hugh  Ratchford")                        f 

>sPerM2,orheadlEnliSt'd  p'J 
William  Tyan        \  L  .      w  *  \ 

George  Malcomb  | 
Bryan  Conner      J.                       [ 

D°  

D°  

D° 

D°  

D°  

D°  

Sum  deld  Captn  Mercer  as  pr 
Recep*  for  pay*  of  his  Compy 
D°  deld  Lieut*  Towers  as  pr  D° 
for  p*  of  Captn  Vanms  Corny  .. 

..£ 

D°  del*  Lieut1  Savage  for  pay* 

D°  deld  Captn  Hog  as  per  Rec* 

D°  deld  Majr  Carlyle  for  pay*  of 

D°  paid  ye  Several   Officers  as 

Total 

[End  of  tenth  page.] 


Washington  s  Journal. 


197 


A  Pay  Bill  of  the  Detatchment  sent  to  Augusta 
under  the  Command  of  Captn  Lewis101  commencing 
from  the  2Qth  of  July  &  endg  2Qth  of  Septr  1754 


No. 

Names 

Quality 

Sums  paid 

Andrew  Lewis  

Captn  .  , 

24 

12 

4 
4 

3 

2 

3 
3 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

5 
96 

8 
4 

ii 
ii 

i 

3 
i 

i 

0 

o 

0 
0 
0 

o 

0 
0 

o 
o 

0 
0 

o 

0 

o 

o 
o 

2 

15 

6 
6 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

10 
~~6 

John  Savage 

Lieut* 

William  Wright  

Ensign  
Sen?4    . 

John  M'Kully  

Rob*  Graham  

D°  

Thomas  Stedman   . 

Corpor1  . 

Joshua  Baker  .        .  .      . 

D°  

David  Wilkinson  

Drum1"  

Abraham     Mushaw  —  now     private 
Cen1  

John  Biddlecomb  

Private  Cent1. 
D° 

Robert  Murphey 

Bartholamey  Burns     .  . 

D° 

James  Fulham.  

D°  

D°  ,. 

D°  

John  Maston         

D°  ..      . 

Terrence  Swiney.    

D°  

D°  

Patrick  Smith  

D°    . 

John  Mulholland   

D°  

D°  

Patrick  McPike  

D°  

Michael  M'Cannon     .        .... 

D°  . 

Matthew  Jones  

D°  

Thomas  Pierce  

D°  

Charles  Waddey 

D°.. 

Jas  Smith,  for  his  pres*  &  last  2  Mths 
Pay  &  a  Pistole  Bounty  Money.  .  . 

D°  

[End  of  eleventh  page.] 

101  This  roll  preserves  the  names  of  the  detachment  from  the  Virginia 
Regiment,  under  Colonel  Washington,  sent  by  direction  of  Governor  Din- 
widdie  to  Augusta  county,  Va.,  under  the  immediate  command  of  Captain 
Andrew  Lewis.  [See  Governor  Dinwiddie's  letter  to  Colonel  Washington, 
September  10,  1754,  and  letter,  September  ii,  1754,  to  Captain  Lewis,  as 
instructions.  Dinwiddie's  Papers,  vol.  i,  p.  313-317.] 


198  Appendix  to 

Of  the  Detatchment  under  Captn  Lewis.102 


Names 

Quality 

Su 

m  pa 

id 

Sum  brought  forward 

96 

1C 

6 

William  Stallions                             .    .  . 

Privi  Cent 

2 

0 

g 

Henry  Bowman  

DO              

2 

o 

8 

D<>  1 

2 

o 

8 

Jacob  Gowen  

D°  

2 

o 

8 

Henry  Bailey  

D° 

2 

o 

8 

Do  

2 

o 

8 

D°  

2 

o 

8 

Benjamin  Gauze.       

D° 

2 

o 

8 

John  Hart  

D°    

j 

8 

George  Gibbons  

D°  

2 

o 

8 

William  Holland  

D°  

2 

o 

8 

Thomas  Burras  

D°  

2 

o 

8 

D°  

2 

o 

8 

George  Malcom          .  .  .                     . 

DO 

2 

o 

8 

Philemon  Waters  

D°  

2 

8 

D°        ...     . 

2 

8 

D°  

2 

8 

D°  

2 

8 

D°          ... 

2 

8 

William  Dean  

D°  

2 

8 

D°  

2 

8 

Barnaby  Ryley  

D°  

I 

2 

o 

Nath1  Deadman  

Do  

16 

D°  

2 

8 

John  Allan,  till  this  a  Corp1  

D°  

•i 

I 

Thomas  King   discharg'd  

D<>  

I 

D°  

c 

John  Davis  

D°  

T6 

D°  . 

2 

8 

Francis  Rogers  

DO  

2 

8 

Pledge  Ward,  for  ye  last  2  M°  pay  disd 

DO  

2 

8 

James  Ford  

D°  . 

I 

IO 

155 

15 

6 

[End  of  twelfth  page.] 
10  These  original  pay  rolls  arein  Department  of  State,  Washington,  D.  C. 


Washington  s  Journal*  199 

The  following  list  of  officers,  with  the  dates  of  their 
commissions,  is  itself  without  date,  but  was  probably 
forwarded  to  Colonel  Washington  in  September,  as 
it  carries  a  date  of  August  31  to  one  of  the  pro 
motions.  All  these  officers  were  in  the  battle  of  the 
Great  Meadows,  and  the  promotions  were  probably 
in  the  nature  of  rewards  for  their  gallantry  in  that 
engagement. 

Commissions  sent  Colonel  Washington  for  the 
officers  of  his  regiment  [September,  1754]. 

Adam  Stephen,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  July  20. 

Robert  Stobo,  Major,  July  20. 

Peter  Hogg,  Captain,  Mar.  9. 

Andrew  Lewis,  Captain,  Mar.  18. 

Geo.  Mercer,  Captain,  June  4. 

Thos.  Wagener,  Captain,  July  20. 

Wm.  Poison,  Captain,  July  21. 

Wm.  Peyronney,  Captain,  August  25. 

John  Savage,  Lieutenant,  Mar.  9. 

James  Towers,  Lieutenant,  June  9. 

Wm.  Bronaugh,  Lieutenant,  July  20. 

John  Mercer,  Lieutenant,  July  21. 

James  Craik,  Lieutenant,  July  23  [acting  surgeon]. 

William  Wright,  Ensign,  July  20 ;  Lieutenant, 
Octob.  28. 


2OO  Appendix  to 

Carolus  Gustavus  de  Spildolph,  Ensign,  July  21; 
Lieutenant,  October  29. 

Thomas  Bullett,  Ensign,  July  22 ;  Lieutenant, 
Oct.  30. 

Walter  Stewart,  Ensign,  July  22  ;  Lieutenant, 
August  31. 

\JDinwiddie  Papers,  vol.  i,  p.  320.] 

A  List  of  Captain  Stobo's  Company  who  have  re 
ceived  His  Excellency's  bounty  money.102 

Henry  Bailey,  Adam  Jones, 

Solomon  Batson,  John  Jones, 

Henry  Bowman,  Anthony  Kennedy, 

John  Brown,  Thomas  Langden, 
John  Carrol,  Serjeant, 

James  Carson,  Drummer,   Nathan  Lewis,  Corporal, 

Joseph  Casterton,  Michael  McGroth, 

Patrick  Duphy,  Robert  McKay, 

Nicholas  Foster,  James  Milton, 

Benjamin  Cause,  Jessy  Morris, 

Joseph  Gibbs,  Richard  Morris, 

Jacob  Going,  Henry  Neil, 

John  Golson,  Thomas  Ogden, 

James  Good,  Charles  Smith, 

Edward  Graves,  Richard  Smith, 

John  Harwood,  William  Stallions, 


Washington  s  Journal.  201 

Alexander  Stewart,  James  Welch, 

William  Swallow,  Peregrine  Williams. 

Robert  Tunstall, 

Serjeant, 
Charles  Waddey, 

102  The  House  of  Burgesses  granted  one  Pistole 
to  every  private  in  the  engagement  at  the  Great 
Meadows.  The  document  from  which  this  List  is 
copied  is  preserved  among  the  "  Force  Manuscripts" 
in  the  Library  of  Congress,  and  has  written  on  the 
back  of  all  five  of  the  rolls  the  above  indorsement  in 
the  handwriting  of  Washington. 

A  list  of  Captain  Hogg's  Company  who  have  re 
ceived  His  Excellency's  bounty  money. 

Bibby  Brooks,  James  Ford, 

Joshua  Burton,  Andrew  Fowler, 

Thomas  Chaddock,  Joseph  Gatewood, 

John  Chapman,  Philip  Gatewood, 

Andrew  Clark,  Edward  Goodwin, 

William  Coleman,  David  Gorman, 

Mathew  Cox,  Benjamin  Hamilton, 

William  Dean,  Abner  Haslip, 

Mathew  Durham,  Southy  Haslip, 

Robert  Eliot,  James  Hyler, 

Peter  Essleet,  William  Hogan, 

Duncan  Ferguson,  Angoile  House, 

26 


2O2 


Appendix  to 


Samuel  Hyden, 
Charles  Joames, 
William  Johnston, 
Robert  Jones, 
James  Letort, 
Mathew  Levison, 

McGuire, 
John  Martin, 
John  Mears, 
James  Meggs, 
Joseph  Milton, 
Dominick  Moran, 
Nicholas  Morgan, 
Thomas  Moss, 
Thomas  Napp, 


John  Ogilby, 

Bryon  Page, 

Marshall  Pratt, 

John  Ramsay, 

John  Roe, 

James  Samuel, 

Joseph  Scott, 

Michael  Scully, 

Dudley  Skinner, 

Thomas  Slaughter, 

Zach  Smith, 

James  Thomas, 

Richard  Trotter,  Serjeant, 

William  Underbill, 

Edmund  Waggoner, 

Serjeant. 


A  List  of  Captain  Lewis'  Company  who  have  re 
ceived  His  Excellency's  bounty  money. 
Josias  Baker,  Corporal.       Edward  Cahill, 


Joseph  Baxter, 
John  Biddlecom, 
Daniel  Billot, 
John  Burk, 
Bartholomew  Burnes, 
Thomas  Burney, 


William  Cairns, 
James  Cammack, 
Nath  Chapman, 
Patrick  Coyl, 
John  Durham, 
John  Featon, 


Washington  s  Journal.  203 

James  Ferguson,  John  Poor, 

John  Field,  William  Poor, 

James  Fullham,  James  Price, 

Robert  Grimes,  Serjeant.  John  Rowe, 

Cornelius  Handly,  John  Smith, 

William  Harbinson,  John  Smith, 

Mathew  Jones,  George  Swiney, 

James  Ludlow,  Terence  Swiney, 

Michael  McCannon,  James  Titus, 

John  McCully,  Serjeant.  Elijha  Ward. 

Patrick  McPike,  Arthur  Watts, 

John  Maston,  Thomas  Wedman, 
John  Moulholand,  Corporal. 

Robert  Murphy,  John  Whitman, 

Abraham  Mushaw,  Daniel  Wilkinson. 

A   List  of  Captain  Van   Braam's  Company  who 
have  received  His  Excellency's  bounty  money. 

John  Alan,  Corporal,  John  Campbell, 

Charles  Allbury,  Thomas  Carter,  Serjeant, 

Robert  Bell,  William  Carter, 

James  Black,  Mathew  Chape, 

Richard  Bolton,  John  Coin, 

Godfrey  Bomgardener,  Thomas  Donahough, 

Rudolph  Brickner,  Bernard  Draxter, 

Christopher  Byerly,  Michael  Franks, 


2O4  Appendix  to 

Patrick  Gallaway,  George  Markam, 

William  Gerrard,  Edward  Minor, 

George  Gobell,  William  Mitchell, 

John  Hamilton,  Hugh  Paul, 

Serjeant-Major,  John  Potter, 

Thomas  Hennesey,  Joseph  Powell, 

Arthur  Howard,  Ezechel  Richardson, 

John  Johnston,  Francis  Rogers, 

Wile  Johnston,  Francis  Self, 

Edward  King,  Dernsey  Simons, 

William  Knowles,  Benjamin  Spicer, 

John  Lee,  John  Steuart, 

Angus  McDonald,  George  Taylor, 

John  Mackgrigory,  John  Thornton, 

Nicholas  Major,  Edward  Whitehead. 

A  List  of  Captain  Mercer's  Company  who  have 
received  His  Excellency's  bounty  money. 

Samuel  Arsdale,  Thomas  Burk, 

Nath  Barret,  Thomas  Burris, 

Robert  Bennett,  John  Clements, 

John  Bishop,  Timothy  Conway, 

Charles  Bombgardner,  James  Daily, 

John  Boyd,  Claud  Dallowe, 

Henry  Bristowe,  Henry  Earnest, 

Wm.  Broughton,  Edward  Evans, 


Washington's  Journal.  205 

John  Farmer,  John  Maid, 

John  Ferguson,  John  May, 

James  Ford,  David  Montgomeries, 

John  Gallahour,  Jacob  Myer, 

Christopher  Haltzley,  Alexander  Perry, 

William  Holland,  Richard  Pritchard, 

Mark  Hollis,  Serjeant,  Frederick  Rupart, 

Adam  Leonard,  Mathew  Stanard, 

William  Lowrey,  Hugh  Stone, 

William  Mclntire,  James  Tyrrall,  Serjeant, 

Hugh  McKoy,  Michael  Walker, 

John  McQuire,  Philip  Walters. 

On  the  iQth  of  February,  1754,  to  encourage  the 
prompt  enlistment  of  a  sufficient  force  to  build  and 
hold  a  fort  at  the  head  of  the  Ohio,  now  Pittsburg, 
Robert  Dinwiddie,  Governor  of  Virginia,  promised, 
"by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  His 
Majesty's  council  of  this  Colony,  that  over  and 
above  their  pay  (the  legal  pay  of  the  soldiers  of  the 
Province  of  Virginia)  two  hundred  thousand  acres 
of  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Great  Britain's  lands  on 
the  east  side  of  the  river  Ohio,  within  this  dominion 
(one  hundred  thousand  acres  whereof  to  be  contigu 
ous  to  the  said  fort,  and  the  other  one  hundred  thou 
sand  acres  to  be  on  or  near  the  river  Ohio),  shall  be 
laid  off  and  granted  to  such  persons  who,  by  their 


206  Appendix  to 

voluntary  engagement  and  good  behavior  in  the 
said  service,  shall  deserve  the  same."  Although  the 
benefaction  was  in  good  faith  and  duly  legalized,  it 
came  near  failing  in  its  purpose  for  want  of  money 
and  the  legislation  essential  to  allot  equitably  the 
quantity  of  land  to  which  each  was  entitled  and  to 
survey  and  locate  the  same. 

It  was  almost  entirely  due  to  the  intelligent  ad 
dress  and  enterprise  of  Colonel  George  Washington 
that  the  bounty  lands,  granted  by  the  proclamation 
of  the  Governor  of  Virginia  to  the  soldiers  who  en 
listed  and  served  in  the  campaign  of  1 754  to  build 
forts  at  the  forks  of  the  Ohio  River,  was  secured  to 
those  who  had  earned  them.  In  1770  Washington 
went  in  person,  and  at  his  own  expense,  to  view  the 
country  and  locate  lands  on  the  Ohio  River  for  him 
self  and  associates  under  this  grant.  In  the  spring 
of  1771  he  sent  out  Captain  William  Crawford  to 
survey  these  lands,  bearing,  for  the  time  being, 
the  whole  expense  preparatory  to  having  them  pat 
ented  under  the  Governor's  proclamation  of  1754. 
The  grant  of  200,000  acres  was  portioned  out  among 
the  officers  and  men  on  the  basis  of  the  pay  of 
those  who  actually  served  in  the  expedition.  The 
number  of  persons  to  be  benefited  and  the  ex 
pense  attending  surveys  at  that  period,  rendered 


Washington  s  Journal. 


207 


separate  surveys  for  each  claimant  out  of  the  ques 
tion,  so  that  to  secure  any  of  the  benefits  intended 
by  the  grant,  it  was  necessary  to  take  up  the  land 
in  the  first  instance  in  large  tracts  and  embrace 
in  one  and  the  same  patent  a  number  of  names 
as  joint  owners.  Dinwiddie's  proclamation  granted 
"  to  every  person  having  the  rank  of  a  field  officer, 
5,000  acres  ;  to  every  Captain,  3,000  acres  ;  to  every 
subaltern  or  staff  officer,  2,000  acres  ;  to  every  non 
commissioned  officer,  200  acres,  and  to  every  private, 
50  acres. 

The  following  is  a  record  relating  to  the  patenting 
and  surveying  of  the  two  hundred  thousand  acres  of 
land  granted  by  Gov.  Dinwiddie  to  the  officers  and  sol 
diers  who  served  in  the  Virginia  expedition  to  the  Ohio 
in  1 754.  The  account  is  copied  with  literal  exactness 
from  Ledger  A  and  Ledger  B  of  the  private  accounts 
of  Gen.  George  Washington,  preserved  in  the  De 
partment  of  State  at  Washington. 

The  account  is  on  left  hand  page  of  Ledger. 

Dr 


1769 
1770 

June  23 
October 


Nov 


The    Officers    &    Soldiers    concerned    in    the) 

Grant  of  200,000  Acr8  of  Land \ 

To    Fee    given   Mr  Walthoe   Clerk  of    the 
Council  for  entering  ye  Grant  Dec  i5th  1759 
To     Mess™     Purdie    &    Dixon     their    Adver 
tisement  for  the  Claims  to  be  brought  in 

To  Willm  Rind  inserting  ye  above  22  weeks.    . 
To  Publishing  in  both  Gazettes  notice  of  the 

meeting  at  Fred'g  in  August 

To  Expenses  attending  my  trip  to  the  Great 
Kanhawa  from  Captain  Crawfords  &  backe 
to  that  place  again  exclusive  of  ye  other  Exp's 
of  my  journey  amounting  to  as  much  more  viz 


2- 


5- 


14- 
7- 


14- 


208 


Appendix  to 


1770 

Aug*  2 

"       4 
"       6 


Oct  9 

16 

1771 


To  the   Smith   at   Fort  Pitt )     y  _        , 

fixing  our  Canoe  &c J     **     7 

To  James  Milligan  a  Lock  ) 

for  Do f          -  4-  ° 

To     the     Commissary     for      /- 

Provisions f ^I°-I9     2 

John    Street    assisting    in 

bringing  our  Horses  toy*  •  9-  o 

Mingo  Town 

To   paid    the    Indians  per      r        Q 

Alex'  McKees  Acct *  5~ 

John  Harts 4-10-  o 

Devr  Smith 15         10-13-0 

To  the  Indn  Interpreter 5-  8-0 

To   Sam1   Samples    Tavern"! 

Acct  for  our  own  &  Horses  j 

Exp8  at  Fort  Pitt  whilst  we 

were  unavoidably  detained  \  £19-14-  5 

there  on  our  way  out  &  in 

— it  being  part  of  his  Acct 

of  £26-1-10 

To  the  Widow  Miers  Acct 

ofExpe" 

£50-14-  7 

deduct  25  pr  Ct 10-  2-11  40      n      8 

To  cash  paid  Captn  Crawford  for  his  trouble —  ) 
Nov  25         The  Expense  of  his  H°  &  loss  of  time  in  ac-  [•        25-     o-    o 

companying  me  to  the  Great  Kanhawa ) 

1771         (  To  advertising  the  Meet*  at  Winchester  in  ) 

\      both  Gazettes — 3  weeks  each 

Mar  i       To   Balln    due    from   G.   W.  —  &   Credd   per  ig      IX    IQ 

Contra 


Do. 


Contra    Cr 

By  Doctr  Craik  —  towards  surveying 

By  Captn  Hog  Do          Do        

By  Mr  James  Mercer  for  his  Bror  George 

By  Colo  Muse  towards  surveying 

By  George  Washington         Do         Do     

By  Ditto  advanced  for  Mr  Jno  West. ...    

By  Lieut  Jno  Savage  for  his  advance 

By  Colo  Stephen  in  part  for  his 

By  Mr  Henry  Fry  Acct  of  his  Father  Colo   Fry 
deceased  — his  proportion  of  the  advance. ... 


£88 


6 
9 

12 
15 
15 

6 
6 
4 

15 

£88 


12 


12 


Washington s  Journal. 


209 


1771 

Mar  n 


Oct    21 

1772 
Jay  i 


1771 

Mar  6 
Do  Do 

1771 

Mar  6 

Do 

Ditto 

Ditto 

Do 

8 
ii 

May  7 


July  27 


1772 

Nov 


Dec  4 


The  Officers  and  Soldiers  concerned  in  )  ~ 
Grant  of  200,000  acres  of  Land  \ 

To  cash   sent  Captn  Wm  Crawford  per  Marcus  } 
Stephenson's  Receipt  for  ^65-1  Penn  Money  V 

equal  to ) 

To  cash  paid  Captn  William  Crawford  per  receipt 


To  Ball6  carried  to  Ledger  B.  fol°  40. 


Contra    Cr 

By  Ball®  per  Contra  &  as  rendered  at  the  Meet 
ing  at  Winchester  Mar  6  1771 

By  Cash  of  Andrew  Wagener  on  Acct  of  sur 
veying  the  above  Lands 

By  Ditto  from  Doctor  Craik  2nd  advance 


Carrd  to  folio  334 

By  amount  brought  from  folio  322 

By  Cash    from  Captn  Hog — His  2nd  advance 

towards  the  Expense  of  Surveying 

By  Colo  Stephen  in  full  for  his  Ist  &  2nd  ... 
By  Mr  James  Mercer  for  his   Brother  Colo 

Mercer's  quota  —  two  shares ... 

By  Ditto  on  account  of  Ditto  for  2  Soldiers 
to  wit  John  Hamilton  &  Mark  Hollis  2i/ 

each 

By  Mr  McGuire  on  Acct  of  James  Cammacks 

Proportion  of  the  above  Expense 

By  Magnus  Tate  —  for  David  Germans  and  ) 
(      Patrick  Gallaway's  proportion  of  Do  .....  ) 

By  Isaac  Larew  —  for  Nathan  Barrett 

By  Geo  Washington's  quota 

By  Col°  Muse's  Ditto 

(  By  Tno  Gholson  )  .,    . 

1  By  Richd  Morris  f  their  quotas    

By  Richd  Smith  do  

By  John  West,  2nd  Advance  pr  Go  Washington. 
By  Cash  from   Colo  Andrew  Lewis  per   Captn 

Hog  for  jst  &  2nd  Advance 

By  John  Creagh 


The  grant  of  200,000  acres  of  land         Dr 
To   Cash   paid    Mr  John    Blair  Clerk    of    the 

Council  for  Copies  of  Sev1  orders  of  Council 

&  other  Services  in  this  Land 

To    Ditto   paid  Captain   Wra   Crawford    for 

Ball*  of  an  Acct  Exhibited  this  day    

To  Ditto  paid  Mr  Everard,  for  Fees  due  to  the 

Govern1  &  Secretary  on   13  surveys  returned 

to  the  office  to  be  Patented 

j  To  Ditto  sent  Ditto  extra  Fees  to  hasten  the 
(      Patenting  of  the  Surveys 

27 


52 

0 

'  4i 

14 

10 

IO 

£104 

4 

13 

ii 

6 

0 

4 

10 

/24 

I 

XJ^T- 

6 

15 

ii 

2 

9 

O 

2 

2 

2 
I 

2 

I 

e 

II 

j 
c 

I 

0 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

4 

IO 

15 

i 

15 
I 

£104 

4 

5 

0 

3i 

15 

20 

16 

5 

o 

10 


210 


Appendix  to 


Mar  6       \  To  <-'asl1  Siven  Ditto  for  hastening  the  Pat-  ) 

(      enting  —  according  to  promise ) 

To  Cash  paid  Captn  Crawfords  Order  in  favor  \ 

of  John  Hite \ 

T   ,          To   Captn  Crawford's  Order  in    favor  of    Mr  j 

Jul?  Hugh  Stephenson   \         2 

XT  To  Cash  paid  for  the  Gov™  and  Secretary's  \ 

Nov  22  Fees  on  the  last  5  Patents f 

j-x  To  Ditto  paid  Mr  Everard  to  hasten  the  Pat-  ) 

To  advertising  the  last  Distribution  of  the  Land 

for  Mr  Rind 

j  To  your  Assumpset  in  favor  of  Mr.  Hugh 
I      Stephenson  omitted  in  December  last 

Feby  26     To  cash  paid  you    13      15 

1772  Contra     Cr 

Jany  i      By  Ball6  brought  from  Ledger  A 10      10 

M      18      J  By  Mr  Jno  Barnes  for  Lient  James   Tower's 

(      proportion  of  ye  two  advances 10      10 

N       18      \  ^  ^r  ^ex   Craik  f°r  Lieut  Jno  Poison  pro- 

|      portion  of  the  two  advances 10      10 

By  cash  recvd  from  Col°  Andrew  Lewis  viz  for 

his  proportion  of  ye  contingent  Acct )        ^ 

Exhibited  at  ye  meeting  in  Fredrkg  for  his  pro-  )         12        i 
prtn  of  the   Expense  of  Surveying  and  for 

Jno  Smith  a  Soldrs  part i        i 

Do         By  Cash  recvd  from  Doct  James  Craike  } 

for  his  proportion  of   ye  Contingent  >  2-19-9 

Acct * ) 

And  for  the  Survey  of  his  tracts 8-13-6          n      13 

March  13   By   Cash   received   from  Mr  Alex  Craike  on  ) 

Acct  of  Mr  Poison   f 

Apr  19     By  Cash  receivd  from  Col  Adam  Stephen  per  |  A 

Mr  Donaldson f 

By  Ditto  reed  from  Capt11  Hog  per  Do 16      n 

21          By  Ditto  receivd  from  Mr  Jno  West 5        o 

T  (  By  Ditto  receivd  of  the  Rev  Mr  Thruston  per  ) 

June        |      Mr  Norton ...\         I2 

October  18  By  Cash  receivd  of  Mr  John   Baynes  on  account 

of  Lt  James  Tower's  Claim 10      15 

By  my  quota  of   the   Contingent  acct  per  the ) 
Resolutions  at  Fredericksburgh  Nov  1772. . .  ) 

By  Colo  Muse's  Do  Do 7        9 

By  Geo  Washington  for  surveying  the  follow-  } 
ing  Tracts  of  Land  viz  10,990  acres  —  4,395  [•         28      10 

DO  2,448  DO  &  2,314  DO    ) 

By  Ditto  for  Captn  Bronaughs  two  first  advances 

viz  £6.  &  £4-  10 10      10 

By  Ditto  for  Captn  Bronaugh  —  dividend    of) 

the  Contingent  acct  per  resolution  at  Fred'g  f 

By  the  Cost  of  Surveying  Muse's  Land  in  the  first  ) 

distribution  viz.  9,073  acres  in  the  large  tract  >         14        5 
of  51,302  acres  and  the  small  tract  of  927  ars ) 


Washington  s  Journal. 


21  I 


1774 

Feb  19 

"    25 

May  17 

June  14 


By  Geo  Washington  on  Acct  of  Mr  John  West  \ 

freight  of  9  hhds  Molasses  a  5/ \ 

(  By   cash   of   Mr  Jno    Baynes   on   Acct   Jas 


Towers 

By  Ditto  reed  per  Doctor  Craike.    

By  Ditto  Reed  frm  Colo  Andr  Lewis 

By  Ditto  of  Mr  Chas  Yates  on  Acct  of  Wm 
Wright  deceased  his  share  of  ye  Expen8  of 
Surveying  ye  200,000  acres  of  Land 


12 


They  were  to  hold  according  to  their  several  claims 
and  to  divide  or  dispose  of  as  they  might  choose.  The 
claim  of  the  soldier  who  served  in  this  campaign  was 
recognized  as  valid  to  an  amount  of  land  determined 
by  his  rank,  which  in  many  instances  was  sold  by  the 
soldier  before  the  land  was  located.  Washington 
purchased  many  of  the  claims  and  held  large  tracts 
of  very  fertile  lands  at  different  points  on  the  Ohio. 
Although  he  advanced  the  money  to  make  the  sur 
veys,  he  was  in  a  great  measure  reimbursed  by  a  pro 
rata  pooling  of  the  outlay  by  those  most  benefited. 
I  had  hoped  to  find  a  complete  list  of  the  recipients 
of  this  bounty,  but  I  have  only  partly  succeeded.  It 
is  not  improbable,  however,  that  a  full  list  of  all  who 
received  land  under  this  grant  might,  with  patience, 
be  compiled  by  an  exhaustive  examination  of  the 
records  of  the  Land  Office  at  Richmond. 

The  following  list  of  recognized  claimants  with 
the  pro  rata  of  cost  to  each  in  securing  the  land  is 
preserved  in  Washington's  handwriting.  The  docu 
ment  is  without  date. 


212 


Appendix  to 


A  List  of  Balances  due  from  Sundrys  on  Acct  of  their  Claims  to 
Land  under  the  Proclamation  of  1754.^ 


i.  The  Estate  of  Col°  Joseph  Fry  

£54.     II. 

4- 

2.  Col°  Adam  Stephen  

pd 

ii.          6. 

i  < 

3.  Col0  George  Muse  

paid 

4.  The  Estate  of  Captn  Robert  Stobo  

40.          6. 

7. 

5.  Colo  Andrew  Lewis  

paid.. 

12.          9. 

9. 

6.  Captain  Peter  Hog  C. 

Crawd  

n.          6. 

# 

7.  Captain  Jacob  Vanbraam  

40.          6. 

7 

8.  Col°  George  Mercier.  .paid  by 

Mr  Jas  Mercer. 

40.         ii. 

ii 

9.  Mr  Andrew  Waggoner  ....... 

.  C.  Crawd  

9-          5- 

3 

10.  Mr  John  West  

.  .C.  Crawd.  .  .  . 

ii.          9. 

2 

CC  ( 

ii.  The  Estate  or  Heir  of  Will™  Poison  \  ' 

5.         14. 

10 

1  2.  Lieut  John  Savage  

.  .  .  C.  Crawd  .  . 

20.            1  8. 

2 

13.  Captain  William  Bronaugh.  .  . 

paid 

14.  Doctor  James  Craik  

..C.  Crawd.. 

8.           3- 

I 

15.  John  Baynes  for  James  Towers  heirs.  ..)'.. 
CC  \  .. 

5.            12. 

2 

1  6.  The  Heir  of  William  Wright. 

paid  

ii.           4- 

7 

17.  Captain  Thomas  Bullet  

ii.           4. 

7 

18.  Robert  Longdon  

CC.... 

2.            I3. 

9 

19.  Robert  Tunstall  

CC.... 

I.            12. 

9 

20.  Andrew  Waggener  

CC.... 

2.            13. 

9 

21.  Richard  Trotter  

........CC.... 

2.            13. 

9 

22.  John  David  Wilpper  

2.            13- 

23.  Wire  Johnson  

...  CC.. 

2.              4. 

8 

24.  Hugh  McRoy  

CC.... 

2.              4. 

8 

25.  Richard  Smith  

CC.... 

3- 

8 

26.  Charles  Smith  

CC.... 

15. 

10 

27.  Angus  McDonald  

CC.... 

15. 

10 

28.  Nathan  Chapman  

CC.... 

15. 

10 

29.  Joseph  Gatewood  

CC.... 

15. 

10 

30.  James  Samuel  

CC.... 

15. 

10 

31.  Michael  Seally.  

CC.... 

15. 

10 

32.  Edward  Goodwin  

CC.... 

15. 

IO 

33.  William  Baily  

CC.... 

15. 

10 

34.  Henry  Baily  

CC... 

15. 

10 

35.  William  Costland  

CC.... 

15. 

10 

36.  Mathew  Doran  

CC.... 

15. 

10 

37.  John  Ramsay  

CC.... 

15. 

10 

38.  Charles  James  .   .    

CC.... 

15. 

10 

39.  Mathew  Cox  

CC.... 

15. 

10 

40.  Marshall  Pratt  

CC.... 

15. 

10 

41.  John  Wilson  

CC.... 

15. 

10 

42.  William  Johnston  

cc.... 

15. 

10 

43.  John  Wilson  

CC.... 

15. 

10 

Washington's  Journal. 


213 


44-  Nathaniel  Barrett CC i.  15.  10 

45.  David  Gorman CC 14.  10 

46.  Patrick  Galloway CC 14.  10 

47.  Timothy  Conway CC i.  15.  10 

48.  Christian  Bombgardner CC .  15.  10 

49.  John  Maid CC. ...           .'  15.  10 

50.  John  Howstown CC .  15.  10 

51.  James  Ford CC .  15.  10 

52.  William  Broughton CC....           .  15.  10 

53.  William  Carnes CC .  15.  10 

54.  Edward  Evans CC .  15.  10 

55.  Thomas  Moss CC   ...  15.  10 

56.  Mathew  Jones CC .  15.  10 

57.  Philip  Gatewood CC...             .  15.  10 

58.  Hugh  Paul CC .  15.  10 

59.  Daniel  Staples CC   ...           .  15.  10 

60.  William  Lowry CC .  15.  10 

61.  James  Ludlow CC .  3 

62.  James  Lafort CC .  | 

63.  James  Gwin ...  - CC   ...           .  15. 

64.  Joshua  Jordan CC .  15.  10 

65.  William  Jenkins CC .  15.  10 

66.  James  Commach CC...           ..  14.  10 

67.  Richard  Morris CC 14.  10 

68.  John  Golson CC 14.  10 

69.  Robert  Jones CC .  15.  10 

70.  William  Hoggan CC .  15.  10 

71.  John  Franklin CC 15.  10 

72.  John  Bishop CC .  15.  10 

73.  George  Malcomb CC .  15.  10 

74.  William  Coleman CC .  15.  10 

75.  Richard  Bolton... CC .  15.  10 

76.  John  Smith .  15.  10 

77.  George  Hurst CC .  15.  10 

78.  John  Cincaid CC 15.  10 

79.  Andrew  Fowler .  15.  10 

80.  Thomas  Napp .  15.  10 

81.  The  Representative  of  Arthur  Watts 15.  10 

82.  John  Fox  Assignee  of  Jesse  May .  15.  10 

83.  Francis  Self .  15.  10 

84.  Robert  Stewart .  15.  10 

85.  Robert  Murphy. .  15.  10 

86.  Alexander  Bonny .  15.  10 

87.  The  Representative  of  Wm  Home .  15.  10 

88.  William  McAnulty 15.  10 

Among  Washington's   letters    there  are  quite   a 
number  relating  to  the  subject  of  these  bounty  lands. 


214  Appendix  to 

In  one  to  Governor  Dinwiddie,  dated  November  5, 
1772,  he  says:  "The  whole  quantity  of  200,000 
acres  of  land  granted  by  the  Hon.  Robert  Dinwiddie's 
proclamation  of  the  iQth  of  February,  1756,  has  been 
fully  obtained." 

Although  the  surveys  were  returned,  some  of  the 
patents  were  not  issued  until  1773,  and  others  pos 
sibly  later.103 

103  The  following  advertisement  appeared  in  the 
Virginia  Gazette  of  Feb.  17,  1775: 

"  It  is  now  become  indispensably  necessary  that  the 
claiments  in  the  patent  to  Mr.  John  Savage  and  others 
who  were  with  Colonel  Washington  at  the  battle  of 
the  Meadows,  for  28,627  acres  of  land  on  the  river 
Ohio  and  the  Sandy  Creeks,  should  come  to  a  speedy 
divission  of  the  said  lands:  They  and  every  of  them, 
or  their  representatives,  are  therefore  desired  to 
attend  at  the  confluence  of  the  Great  Kanhawa,  on 
Monday  the  8th  day  of  May  next,  in  order  to  proceed 
to  a  divission.  It  will  also  be  expected  that  the  costs 
attending  the  original  survey,  be  by  each  claiment 
then  paid 

van  Swerengen 
R  Rutherford 
Isaa  Larew 
James  McCormack" 

The  following  from  the  public  press  of  the  county 
also  bears  upon  this  subject 

Prince  William,  April  12th,  1775 

As  the  time  approaches  when  the  lands  patented 
under  the  Proclamation  of  Governor  Didwiddie  must 


Washington  s  Journal.  2 1 5 

be  improved  or  forfeited,  I  request  the  favour  of  the 
proprietors  of  the  tract  lying  on  the  Pokotellico  creek, 
and  the  Kenawah  river  themselves  or  by  their  agents 
to  meet  upon  the  premises,  to  divide,  on  Monday  the 
12th  of  next  June.  The  necessity  of  this  measure  is 
obvious;  but  lest  it  may  appear  extraordinary  to  any 
of  the  proprietors,  that  a  single  person  should 
undertake  to  appoint  the  time,  I  must  inform  them 
that  I  have  heretofore  written,  to  each  seperately  to 
the  above  purport.  Should  the  proprietors  fail  to 
attend  at  the  time,  or  to  send  some  one  to  act  for 
them,  I  hope  they  will  think  it  reasonable  I  should 
take  possession  of  the  quantity  I  am  entitled  to,  by 
purchase  under  Major  Bullit  and  Lieutenant  Woelper, 
and  proceed  to  improve  it  accordingly 

Cuthbert  Bullett 
[From  the  Virginia  Gazette  May  12th,  1775.] 

The  above  account  kept  by  Colonel  George 
Washington  with  those  entitled  to  the  bounty  land 
and  co-operating  to  the  end  of  having  it  surveyed 
and  patented,  it  is  believed  will  prove  of  interest, 
and  is  given  in  his  own  language,  showing  the 
amounts  contributed  to  the  expense  of  the  survey 
by  each. 

The  recital  of  the  patent  or  deed  is,  in  nearly  every 
case,  in  the  following  language  : 

George  the  Third,  by  the  Grace  of  God,  of  Great 
Britain,  France  and  Ireland,  King,  Defender  of  the 
Faith,  &c.  To  all  to  whom  these  presents  shall  come, 
greeting :  Know  ye  that  for  Divers  good  Causes  & 


216  Appendix  to 

Considerations,  but  more  especially  for  the  consider 
ation  mentioned  in  a  proclamation  of  Robert  Din- 
widdie,  Esqr.,  late  Lieutenant-Governor  and  Com- 
mander-in-Chief  of  the  Colony  and  Dominion  of 
Virginia,  bearing  date  the  nineteenth  day  of  Febru 
ary,  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  fifty-four,  for 
encouraging  men  to  enlist  in  the  service  of  our  late 
Royal  Grand  Father  for  the  Defense  and  Security 
of  the  said  Colony,  we  have  given,  granted  and  con 
firmed,  and  by  these  presents  for  our  heirs  and  suc 
cessors  do  give  and  confirm  unto 

The  following  list  is  collected  from  the  land  pat 
ents  recorded  in  the  Land  Office  in  Richmond,  Va. 
It  is  probable  that  a  thorough  search  there  might 
discover  the  names  of  others. 
Henry  Baily,  Nathan  Chapman, 

William  Bailey,  William  Coleman, 

Nathaniel  Barrett,  James  Commack, 

John  Bishop,  Timothy  Conway, 

Richard  Bolton,  William  Copeland, 

Christian  Bomgardner,       Matthew  Cox, 
Alexander  Bonney,  James  Craik, 

William  Bronaugh,  Matthew  Doran, 

William  Broughton,  Edward  Evans, 

Thomas  Bullett,  James  Ford, 

William  Carnes,  Andrew  Fowler, 


Washington  s  Journal. 


217 


John  Fox's  heirs  to  Arthur 

Watts, 

John  Franklin, 
Joshua     Fry's     heirs    to 

John  Fry, 
Patrick  Galloway, 
Joseph  Gatewood, 
Philip  Gatewood, 
John  Gholston, 
James  Giben, 
Edward  Goodwin, 
David  Gordan, 
William  Hogan, 
Peter  Hogg, 
May  Horn, 
John  Houston, 
George  Hurst, 
Charles  James, 
William  Jenkins, 
William  Johnson, 
Wire  Johnson, 
Matthew  Jones, 
Robert  Jones, 
Joshua  Jordan, 
John  Kincade, 

Robert  Langdon, 

28 


James  La  Tort, 
Andrew  Lewis, 
William  Lowrey, 
James  Ludlow, 
William  McAnulty, 
Angus  McDonald, 
Hugh  McKoy, 
John  Maid, 
George  Malcomb, 
Daniel  Maples, 
George  Mercer, 
Richard  Morris, 
Thomas  Moss, 
Robert  Murphy, 
George  Muse, 
Thomas  Napp, 
Hugh  Paul, 
John  Poison, 
Marshall  Pratt, 
John  Ramsay, 
James  Samuel, 
John  Savage, 
Michael  Scully, 
Francis  Self, 
Charles  Smith, 
John  Smith, 


218  Appendix  to 

Richard  Smith,  Jacob  Van  Braam, 

Adam  Stephen,  Andrew  Wagener, 

Robert  Stewart,  Edmund  Wagener, 

Robert  Stobo's  represen-  George  Washington, 

tative,   David  Richard-  John  West,  Jr., 

son.  John  David  Welper, 

Richard  Trotter,  John  Wilson, 

Robert  Tunstall,  John  Wright's  heirs. 

James    Tower's    heirs  to 

John  Baynes, 

An  alphabetical  list  follows  of  the  recipients  of  land 
and  the  amount  awarded  to  each  at  the  second  and 
last  distribution  under  Governor  Dinwiddie's  procla 
mation,  granting  200,000  acres  of  land  on  the  Ohio 
River  to  the  officers  and  soldiers  who  served  in  the 
expedition  to  the  Ohio,  to  build  forts,  in  1754. 

A  letter  from  Colonel  Washington  in  the  form  of 
suggestions,  and  as  a  final  report  to  Governor  Din- 
widdie  on  the  subject  of  the  distribution  of  the 
bounty  lands,  bearing  date  November  5,  1772,  is  the 
basis  of  this  list.  [See  Pay  tons  History  of  Augusta 
County,  Va.,  p.  169.] 

Alexr.  Bonny,  acres 400 

Wm.  Bronaugh,  in  full 6,  ooo 

Thomas  Bullett,  in  full 6,  ooo 

Dr.  James  Craik i ,  794 

James  Forest's  heirs 6,  ooo 


Washington  s  Journal.  2 1 9 

Col°.  Joshua  Fry's  heirs,  acres 7,  242 

Andrew  Fowler 400 

Peter  Hog 2,  100 

Wm.  Horn,  dec 400 

Andrew  Lewis 2,  100 

Wm.  McAnulty 400 

Jesse  May,  assignee  to  M.  Fox 400 

Col°.  Mercer 2,  816 

Robert  Murphy 400 

George  Muse 3,  323 

Thomas  Napp 400 

John  Savage 2,  572 

Francis  Self 400 

Adam  Stephen 2,  100 

Jn°.  Smith 400 

Capt.  Robert  Stobo's  heirs 9,  ooo 

Robert  Stewart 400 

James  Towner,  dec 6,000 

Andrew  Wagener 2,  572 

Geo.  Washington 453 

3,  500 

Arthur  Watts,  dec 400 

John  David  Welper 600 

John  West i,  400 

John  Wright's  heir 2,  500 

Capt.  Jacob  Van  Braam 9,  ooo 


22O  Appendix  to 

VIRGINIA  PENSIONERS  OF  1754. 
The  following  is  a  partial  list  of  military  pensioners 
who  had  served  in  the  armed  expedition  to  the  Ohio 
under  the  command  of  Colonel  George  Washington 
in  1754,  and  who,  from  disabilities  caused  by  wounds 
and  diseases,  subsequently  petitioned  the  House  of 
Burgesses  for  relief,  which  was  granted  them.  Their 
names  are  culled  from  the  journals  of  the  House  of 
Burgesses  of  Virginia. 

Thomas  Anderson  —  not  wounded,  was  allowed  back  pay. 

Robert  Bell  — wounded,  was  paid  50  shillings. 

Tudor  Davis — not  wounded,  was  awarded  back  pay. 

Matthew  Doran  —  shot  through  both  thighs,  paid  £"]  los. 

John  Durham  —  wounded,  allowed  .£5. 

Joseph  Gillam — not  wounded,  allowed  back  pay. 

James  Good  —  wounded  in  the  thigh,  ^10. 

Edward  Goodwin  — wounded  severely,  allowed  £$  and  £$  annually. 

David  Gorman  —  not  wounded,  back  pay. 

James  Haiter  —  wounded,  allowed  £1$  with  back  pay. 

John  Hamilton  —  wounded,  allowed  £20  with  back  pay. 

Argall  House  —  lost  a  leg,  allowed  £5  and  ^5  annually. 

William  Lansdown  —  not  wounded,  allowed  back  pay. 

Michael  McCannon  —  wounded,  allowed  £10  as  a  recompense. 

Michael  McGraff  —  wounded,  allowed  £10  as  a  recompense. 

John  Ogleby  —  wounded,  paid  £5  in  full  as  recompense. 

John  Potter —  wounded,  allowed  £$  and  ^5  annually. 

Joseph  Powell  —  wounded,  allowed  £6  as  a  recompense. 

Richard  Richbell  —  wounded,  allowed  ,£5.105. 

Robert  Stobo  —  a  hostage  with  the  French,  allowed  ^"1,000. 

Jacob  Van  Braam  —  a  hostage  with  the  French,  allowed  ^500. 

CONCLUDING  CHAPTER. 

While  it  may  not  be  claimed  that  the  data  here 
assembled  are  all  new,  or  give  as  satisfactory  a  his- 


Washington s  Journal.  221 

tory  of  Governor  Dinwiddie's  armed  expedition  to 
the  Ohio  in  1 754  as  could  be  desired,  it  is  neverthe 
less  hoped  that  the  facts  and  averments  presented 
may,  at  least,  prove  serviceable  to  other  and  more 
capable  students  of  this  very  interesting  event  in 
American  history. 

Whether  this  movement  be  viewed  in  the  light  of 
a  purely  provincial  enterprise,  or  as  a  military  exploit 
of  a  diplomatic  and  strategic  character  on  the  part 
of  Great  Britain,  it  must  always  possess  special  his 
toric  importance.  It  introduced  George  Washing 
ton  to  the  people  of  Virginia  in  a  most  favorable 
manner,  awakened  among  them  a  pride  of  coun 
try  and  an  honorable  military  ambition  to  equal 
the  best  troops,  and  pointed  the  way  to  a  practica 
ble  union  of  the  colonies  for  defense  against  a  for 
eign  foe  and  for  a  possible  independence.  Hence 
although  the  particular  purpose  of  the  expedition 
failed,  it  was  from  no  want  of  soldierly  traits,  but  on 
the  contrary,  the  provincial  troops  evinced  the  highest 
courage  and  endurance,  and  their  performances  ex 
hibited  to  a  marked  extent  the  genius  and  fortitude 
of  the  young  lieutenant-colonel. 

The  fate  of  the  expedition  was  sealed  by  the  tar 
diness  of  the  Governor  and  by  Colonel  Fry,  the  com 
mander,  not  forwarding  reinforcements  and  supplies 


222  Appendix  to 

with  sufficient  promptness  to  sustain  Washington  in 
his  advanced  position,  thereby  subjecting  him  and 
his  heroic  band  to  the  necessity  of  giving  battle 
to  a  superior  force.  They  accepted  the  alternative, 
however,  and  fought  with  a  courage  that  deserved 
a  better  result,  but  which  merited  and  received  the 
unanimous  thanks  of  the  Assembly  of  Virginia  for 
their  bravery  and  their  gallant  defense  of  their 
country. 

Some  incidents  connected  with  the  conduct  of  the 
campaign  brought  Colonel  Washington's  name  and 
his  ability  for  military  command  in  emergencies,  under 
severe  critical  review.  The  discussion  of  the  con 
duct  of  the  expedition  and  the  management  of  the 
troops  brought  out  the  main  facts  as  to  the  actual 
force  in  the  field,  their  equipments,  supplies,  &c., 
and  fully  demonstrated  the  young  officer's  activity, 
discretion  and  capacity  for  using  to  the  best  advan 
tage  the  forces  under  his  command,  and  also  his 
genius  and  courage  in  defending  himself  when 
attacked  by  a  superior  force,  as  perhaps  nothing  in 
his  after  life,  when  his  great  military  ability  was  fully 
established,  equalled  or  surpassed. 

His  skirmish  with  an  advanced  reconnoitering 
party  of  French  under  de  Jumonville,  their  captain, 
and  the  death  of  this  leader  was  much  commented 


Washingtoris  Journal.  223 

upon,  and  the  facts  in  the  case  greatly  perverted  by 
the  French  for  political  effect.  The  terms  of  the 
capitulation,  after  the  battle  of  the  Great  Meadows, 
agreed  to  between  the  French  commander,  Mon 
sieur  de  Villiers,  and  Colonel  Washington  and 
Captain  Mackaye  on  the  part  of  Virginia,  which  was 
written  in  French,  but  of  which  no  copy  in  English 
had  been  made  at  the  time  of  signing,  when  trans 
lated  and  published,  caused  unfavorable  comments, 
in  consequence  of  certain  expressions  derogatory  to 
the  English.  Washington  and  his  officers  in  this 
were  misled,  having  relied  upon  the  oral  translation 
of  Captain  Jacob  van  Braam,  a  German  having  but 
an  imperfect  knowledge  of  either  the  French  or  Eng 
lish  language,  and  who,  through  inadvertence  or 
ignorance,  rendered  the  word  assassination  of  de 
Jumonville,  death  of  de  Jumonville.  This  with  a  few 
other  words  and  passages  depreciative  of  the  English, 
and  not  observed  at  the  time,  the  French  plumed 
themselves,  according  to  de  Villiers's  report,  on 
having  had  the  English  sign. 

That  Washington  and  his  officers  were  misled  by 
the  translation  is  certain,  but  subsequent  events 
showed  that  this  was  from  ignorance  of  the  language 
on  the  part  of  Captain  van  Braam  and  not  from 
treachery  as  was  at  first  surmised.  The  historian, 


224  Appendix  to 

Jared  Sparks,  in  the  Writings  of  Washington,  has 
made  a  very  thorough  study  and  exposition  of  this 
matter,  to  which  work,  vol.  ii,  persons  particularly 
interested  in  the  subject  are  respectfully  referred  for 
the  evidences  and  all  the  details  of  the  capitulation, 
which  fully  exculpate  Washington  from  blame  in  the 
matter. 

In  an  early  part  of  this  work  it  has  been  shown 
that  Washington  had  declined  the  chief  command  of 
the  expedition  to  the  Ohio  on  account  of  his  youth 
and  his  want  of  experience  for  so  great  an  under 
taking,  but  he  accepted  the  second  place.  After  re 
cruiting  his  regiment  by  direction  of  the  Governor 
of  Virginia,  he  marched  his  forces  from  Alexandria 
westward  and  won  the  distinction  of  having  led  the 
first  American  troops  across  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
to  build  forts  and  to  reclaim  the  Great  West  to 
civilization. 

Colonel  Joshua  Fry  was  commissioned  Colonel  of 
the  Virginia  Regiment,  and  made  commander  of  the 
expedition  to  the  Ohio.  He  was  a  man  of  character 
but  advanced  in  years,  and  died  May  3ist,  1754, 
en  route  to  assume  direction  of  the  military  opera 
tions  in  the  field.  This  promoted  Washington  to  be 
Colonel  and  made  him  the  responsible  director  of 
the  troops  under  his  command. 


Washington s  Journal.  225 

Governor  Dinwiddie,  who  was  more  noted  for  zeal 
than  for  ability  in  military  affairs,  on  learning  of  the 
failure  of  the  campaign,  was  impatient  to  organ 
ize  another  expedition  and  send  it  over  the  moun 
tains  at  once  to  recover  the  defeat  and  make  good 
the  pretensions  of  the  English  in  the  Ohio  country. 
To  do  this  required  men  and  money.  The  Assem 
bly  of  Virginia  were  indifferent  to  the  matter,  or  at 
least  did  not  partake  of  the  Governor's  enthusiasm 
or  sense  of  duty  in  the  premises  and  in  effect  op 
posed  the  measure,  for  which  action  the  Governor, 
as  a  rebuke,  prorogued  the  Assembly  in  September, 
1754.  He  wrote  to  the  Ministry  "That  the  people 
seemed  to  him  infatuated,  and  that  he  was  persuaded 
the  progress  of  the  French  would  never  effectually 
be  opposed  except  by  an  act  of  Parliament  to  compel 
the  Colonies  to  contribute  to  the  common  cause 
independently  of  the  Assemblies."  The  Virginia 
forces  which  had  been  in  the  battle  of  the  Great 
Meadows  under  the  command  of  Colonel  Washing 
ton,  after  resting  a  short  time  at  Will's  Creek,  re 
turned  through  Winchester  to  Alexandria,  Va. 
Captain  Mackaye's,  the  two  independent  compa 
nies  from  New  York  and  the  one  from  North  Caro 
lina  remained  at  Will's  Creek  and  built  "  Fort  Mount 

Pleasant/'  afterward  named  Fort  Cumberland.    These 
29 


226  Appendix  to 

troops  were  placed  under  the  command  of  Colonel 
James  Innes  of  North  Carolina,  who  had  been  com 
missioned  by  Governor  Dinwiddie  June  4th,  1754, 
commander  of  the  expedition  to  the  Ohio.  None  of 
these  forces,  however,  had  joined  the  Virginia  regi 
ment  under  Colonel  Washington  until  after  the  battle 
of  the  Great  Meadows.  Indeed  Colonel  Innes  only 
arrived  at  Winchester,  en  route  to  Will's  Creek,  on  the 
9th  of  July,  1754,  with  about  150  men  and  these  were 
without  arms  (see  Governor  Sharp's  letter  in  which 
he  says  he  supplied  them  with  arms  from  Mary 
land^)  Washington,  on  learning  the  desire  of  Gov 
ernor  Dinwiddie  to  march  the  forces  then  on  hand 
over  the  mountains  to  the  head  of  the  Ohio,  gave  a 
calm  but  full  consideration  to  the  question  of  the 
expediency  and  practicability  of  the  scheme  during 
the  fall  or  winter.  He  submitted  his  views  in  a  defer- 
ential  letter  to  the  Governor,  reviewing  the  whole 
situation  in  a  masterly  manner  from  a  military  stand 
point,  but  without  changing  the  Governor's  opinion. 
He  then  wrote  August  nth,  1754  (see  Sparks),  to 
the  Hon.  Wm.  Fairfax,  who  was  a  member  of  the 
Governor's  Council.  In  this  letter  he  showed  that 
every  essential  to  success  was  wanting  and  could  not 
be  supplied  in  time,  and  set  forth  the  reasons  against 
another  expedition  that  fall  in  such  a  convincing 


Washington s  Joiirnal.  227 

manner  that  the  project  lost  the  support  of  the 
Council  and  was  deferred  for  a  more  favorable  oppor 
tunity. 

When  the  House  of  Burgesses  met  in  October, 
they  voted  ,£20,000  for  military  purposes  against  the 
French,  while  England  had  already  granted  ,£10,000 
in  gold  with  considerable  military  stores,  to  be  at  the 
disposal  of  the  Governor,  for  the  same  purpose. 
The  Governor,  however,  had  by  this  time  concluded 
to  reorganize  the  Virginia  troops,  and  in  a  manner 
which  he  supposed  would  effectually  settle  all  ques 
tions  of  rank  between  the  Colonial  and  British  forces 
and  minimise  the  influence  of  Colonial  officers.  His 
plan  was  to  raise  ten  independent  companies  of  100 
men,  each  company  to  be  commanded  by  a  Captain, 
and  this  officer  to  be  inferior  to  any  officer  of  the 
same  rank  holding  a  commission  from  the  King. 

The  views  which  Colonel  Washington  held  on  the 
question  of  rank  and  the  proper  recognition  of 
Colonial  officers,  and  the  sound  reasons  he  gave  for 
his  conclusions,  he  set  forth  in  repeated  letters  to  the 
Governor,  and  also  to  members  of  the  Council,  which 
he  recapitulated,  in  a  concise  manner,  in  a  letter  of  the 
loth  of  June,i754,to  Governor  Dinwiddie  (see Sparks). 
He  naturally  became  the  champion  of  equal  rights 
and  honors  among  officers  of  the  same  grade,  having 


228  Appendix  to 

like  responsibilities,  whether  Colonial  or  British,  the 
senior  officer  taking  command  when  serving  together. 

The  effect  of  the  Governor's  plan  of  reorganiza 
tion  was  to  reduce  Colonel  Washington  to  the  rank 
of  Captain  and  place  him  under  officers  he  had  com 
manded.  To  such  treatment  a  man  of  Colonel 
Washington's  spirit  could  not  submit.  He  therefore 
resigned  his  commission  and  returned  to  the  manage 
ment  of  his  plantation  at  Mount  Vernon. 

There  seems  to  have  been  with  the  Ministry,  a 
spirit  which  Governor  Dinwiddie  promoted  or  fully 
concurred  in,  not  to  permit  Colonial  field  officers  to 
hold  any  high  military  rank.  British  pride  encouraged 
this  supercilious  assumption  of  superiority  in  the 
King's  commission,  a  theory  which  found  a  warm 
supporter  in  the  Governor  of  Virginia.  If,  however, 
the  Governor  had  had  tact  equal  to  his  loyalty,  he 
would  at  all  hazards  have  procured  a  commission  for 
Colonel  Washington  in  the  British  army,  which  it  is 
probable  would  at  that  time  have  been  accepted 
by  him. 

But  had  not  Washington  resigned  when  he  did,  he 
would  have  been  forced  eventually  to  retire,  as  the 
position  he  took  in  demanding  rank  was  covertly 
opposed  by  Governor  Dinwiddie,  and  was  not  accept 
able  to  the  traditions  and  notions  of  the  British  Min- 


Washingtoris  Journal.  229 

istry,  so  that  the  Government  during  the  winter,  or 
before  General  Braddock  came  to  Virginia  in  the 
spring  of  1755,  had  adopted  a  specific  regulation  to 
govern  His  Majesty's  forces  in  North  America, 
which  directed  "  that  all  such  as  were  commissioned 
"  by  the  King,  or  by  his  general  Commander-in- 
"  Chief,  in  North  America,  should  take  rank  of  all 
"  officers  commissioned  by  the  Governors  of  the 
u  separate  provinces.  And,  further,  that  the  general 
"  field  officers  of  the  provincial  troops  should  have 
"  no  rank  when  serving  with  the  general  and  field 
"  officers  commissioned  by  the  Crown  ;  but  that  all 
"  Captains  and  other  inferior  officers  of  the  Royal 
"  troops  should  take  rank  over  provincial  officers  of 
u  the  same  grade  having  older  commissions."  This 
code  of  regulations  but  crystallized  the  claims  of 
the  officers  of  the  British  army,  while  serving  in 
America.  The  promulgation  of  these  rules  had  the 
effect  to  keep  up  a  perpetual  irritation  and  to  give 
point  to  the  injustice  and  hardships  heaped  upon  the 
officers  of  the  Colonies  when  serving  with  those  of  the 
Crown.  It  is  true  the  rigor  of  this  rule  was  some 
what  changed  through  the  influence  of  Lord  Pitt, 
but  never  fully  relieved  of  its  sting  of  injustice. 

Governor  Sharp,  of  Maryland,  was  appointed  by 
the  King  in  the  fall  of  1 754  to  the  command  of  the 


230  Appendix  to 

forces  to  be  sent  against  the  French,  thereby  super 
seding  Colonel  Innes,  who  held  his  commission  from 
Governor  Dinwiddie.  General  Sharp  appreciated 
the  ability  and  character  of  Washington,  and  either 
wrote  a  personal  letter  or  had  others  write  inviting 
him  to  resume  his  station  and  former  rank  in  the 
service.  He  also  had  Colonel  Fitzhugh,  second  in 
command,  write  to  him  to  the  same  purport.  That 
Washington's  views  may  be  properly  understood, 
his  letter  in  reply  to  Colonel  Fitzhugh  is  given 
in  full  : 

To  Col°  William  Fitzhugh,  Belvoir : 

November  15th,  1754. 
Dear  Sir : 

I  was  favoured  with  your  letter  from  Rousby  Hall 
of  the  4th  Instant  —  It  demands  my  best  acknowledg 
ments,  for  the  particular  marks  of  Esteem  you  have 
expressed  therein  ;  and  for  the  kind  assurances  of 
his  Excellency  Governor  Sharp's  good  wishes  to 
wards  me.  I  also  thank  you, —  and  sincerely,  Sir, — 
for  your  friendly  intention  of  making  my  situation 
easy,  if  I  return  to  the  Service ;  and  I  do  not  doubt, 
could  I  submit  to  the  Terms,  that  I  should  be  as 
happy  under  your  command,  in  the  absence  of  the 
General,  as  under  any  gentleman's  whatever :  but,  I 
think  the  disparity  between  the  present  offer  of  a 


Washington s  Journal.  231 

Company  and  my  former  Rank  too  great  to  expect 
any  real  satisfaction  or  enjoyment  in  a  Corps,  where 
I  once  did,  or  thought  I  had  a  right  to,  command, 
even  if  his  Excellency  had  power  to  suspend  the 
orders  received  in  the  Secretary  of  War's  letter ; 
which,  by  the  bye,  I  am  very  far  from  thinking  he 
either  has,  or  will  attempt  to  do,  without  fuller  In 
structions  than  I  believe  he  has  :  especially,  too,  as 
there  has  been  a  representation  of  this  matter  by 
Governour  Dinwiddie,  and,  I  believe,  the  Assembly 
of  this  State;  we  have  advices  that  it  was  received 
before  Demmarree  obtained  his  Letter. 

All  that  I  presume  the  General  can  do,  is,  to  pre 
vent  the  different  Corps  from  interfering,  which  will 
occasion  the  Duty  to  be  done  by  Corps,  instead  of 
detachments ;  a  very  inconvenient  way,  as  is  found 
by  experience.* 

You  make  mention  in  your  letter  of  my  continuing 
in  the  Service  and  retaining  my  Colo.  Commission. 
This  idea  has  filled  me  with  surprise  :  for,  if  you 
think  me  capable  of  holding  a  Commission  that  has 

*  Note  by  Sparks  :  "  That  is,  the  Independent  and  Colonial  Companies 
must  act  separately,  and  not  in  concert  by  detachments  from  each.  The 
inconvenience  of  this  method  was  proved  in  the  case  of  Captain  Mackaye, 
previously  to  the  battle  of  the  Great  Meadows.  Colonel  Innes,  at  Will's 
Creek,  contrived  to  keep  up  a  nominal  command  by  acting  under  two 
commissions,  his  old  one  from  the  King  received  in  the  former  war,  and 
his  new  one  from  Governor  Dinwiddie,  to  each  of  which  he  appealed  as 
occasion  required." 


232  Appendix  to 

neither  rank  nor  emolument  annexed  to  it,  you  must 
entertain  a  very  contemptible  opinion  of  my  weak 
ness,  and  believe  me  to  be  more  empty  than  the 
Commission  itself. 

Besides,   Sir,  if    I    had   time,   I    could    enumerate 
many  good  reasons  that  forbid  all  thoughts  of  my 
Returning,  and  which,  to  you,  or  any  other,  would, 
upon    the    strictest    scrutiny,    appear    to    be    well 
founded.      I   must  be  reduced  to  a  very  low  Com 
mand,   and    subjected  to    that    of   many  who    have 
acted  as  my  inferior  Officers.     In  short,  every  Cap 
tain  bearing  the  King's  Commission,  every  half-pay 
Officer,  or  other  appearing  with  such  commission, 
would  rank  before  me ;  for  these  reasons,  I  choose 
to  submit  to  the  loss  of  Health,  which  I  have,  how 
ever,    already   sustained    (not   to    mention    that   of 
Effects),  and  the  fatigue  I  have  undergone  in  our 
first  Efforts,  rather  than  subject  myself  to  the  same 
inconveniences,  and  run  the  risque  of  a  second  dis 
appointment.     I  shall  have  the  consolation  itself  of 
knowing  that    I    have    opened  the   way,   when   the 
smallness  of  our  numbers  exposed  us  to  the  attacks 
of  a  Superior  Enemy ;    That  I  have  hitherto  stood 
the  heat  and   brunt  of   the  Day,   and  escaped   un 
touched  in  time  of  extreme  danger ;   and  that  I  have 
the  Thanks  of  my  Country,  for  the  Services  I  have 
rendered  it. 


Washingto^t  s  Journal*  233 

It  shall  not  sleep  in  silence  my  having  received 
information  that  those  "  peremptory  orders  from 
Home,"  which,  you  say,  could  not  be  dispensed 
with,  for  reducing  the  Regiment  into  Independent 
Companies,  were  generated,  hatched,  and  brought 
from  Will's  Creek.  Ingenuous  treatment  and  plain 
dealing — I  at  least  expected.*  It  is  to  be  hoped 
the  project  will  answer;  it  shall  meet  with  my  acqui 
escence  in  every  thing  except  personal  Services.  I 
herewith  enclose  Governor  Sharp's  Letter,  which  I 
beg  you  will  return  to  him,  with  my  Acknowledg 
ments  for  the  favour  he  intended  me  ;  assure  him, 
Sir,  as  you  truly  may,  of  my  reluctance  to  quit  the 
Service,  and  of  the  pleasure  I  should  have  received 
in  attending  his  Fortunes.  Also  inform  him,  that 

*  Note  by  Sparks  :  "  It  would  seem  that  some  unfair  purpose  was  sus 
pected  in  this  matter  of  reducing  the  regiment,  and  thereby  throwing  out 
the  higher  officers.  Nor  was  this  a  groundless  suspicion.  Governor  Din- 
widdie  wrote  to  the  Earl  of  Halifax,  on  the  25th  October: — 'As  there 
have  been  some  disputes  between  the  regulars  and  the  officers  appointed 
by  rne,  I  am  now  determined  to  reduce  our  regiment  into  Independent 
Companies,  so  that  from  our  forces  there  will  be  no  other  distinguished 
officer  above  a  captain.'  —  It  is  clear,  therefore,  that  this  was  done  at  the 
governor's  own  motion,  probably  in  concert  with  General  Sharpe,  and  not 
by  any  orders,  which  had  as  yet  been  received  from  higher  authority.  He 
had  written  for  instructions,  but  none  had  then  arrived,  nor  in  fact  did 
they  arrive,  till  brought  out  by  General  Braddock  the  winter  following.  It 
is  no  wonder  that  a  high-minded  officer  should  be  displeased  at  such  a 
manceuver,  cloaked  as  it  was  under  the  pretence  of  '  peremptory  orders 
from  Home.'  Doubtless  the  arrangement  was  considered  essential  to  the 
prosperity  of  the  service,  but  this  would  hardly  be  taken  as  an  apology  for 
a  concealed  design,  by  a  man  of  spirit  and  high  motives,  who  felt  himself 
entitled  to  frankness  and  confidence." 
30 


234         Appendix  to    Washington  s  Journal. 

it  was  to  obey  the  call  of  Honour,  and  the  advice  of 
Friends,  I  declined  it,  and  not  to  gratify  any  desire 
I  had  to  leave  the  military  line.— 

My  inclinations  are  strongly  bent  to  arms. 
The  length  of  this  &  the  small  room  I  have  left, 
tell  me  how  necessary  it  is  to  conclude,  which  I  will 
do,  as  you  always  shall  find- 

Truly  &  Sincerely 

Your  most  hble  Servant, 

GEO.   WASHINGTON.* 
Nov.  15th,  1754. 

*  Letter  copied  from  Transcript  in  the  Department  of  State  —  with  literal 
exactness. 


INDEX. 


Abigland,  Scotland,  24. 
Absent  from  duty,  177. 
Accomack  county,  135. 
Account  with  Virginia, 

1 80,  181,  182. 
Across  the  mountains,  48. 
Action  with  the   French, 

89. 

Acts  of  Assembly,  47,  189. 
Acts  of  Parliament,  87. 
Adjutant  Frazier,  162. 

major's    commission, 

105. 

Peyronie,  53. 
Advance  of  French,  136. 
Advertisement,  214. 
Afflack,  Peter,  191. 
Aix-la-Chapelle  treaty,  34. 
Alarms  of  the  enemy,  123. 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  124. 
Albemarle  county,  12. 
Albury,  Charles,  177,  193, 

203. 

Alexander,  Gerard,  15. 
Alexander,  John,  15. 
Robert,  15. 


Alexandria,  county  of,  16. 
town  of,  5,   7,  10,  13, 
15,   1 6,   24,   25,   26, 
27,  64,  65,  141,  181, 
185,  224,  225.^ 
French  Prisons  in,  93. 
trustees  of,  189. 
Aliquippa,  Queen,  99,  100. 
son  of,  99,  127. 
town  of,  100. 
Allan,    Corp.    John,    171, 

177,  193,  198,  203 
Alleghany  Mountains,  24, 
32,  40,   42,  69,   92, 
104,  119,    122,   127, 
162,  224. 
crest  of,  34. 
River,  33,  34,42,  122, 

136. 

Allies  of  the  English,  119. 
certain  Indian  tribes, 

41,  44. 

Alummapees  chief,  103. 
American  Historical  Rec 
ord,  8 1,  87. 
plantations,  138. 


236 


Index. 


Amherst,  General,  152,1 54. 
Ammunition,  care  of,  106. 

scarcity  of,  146, 159. 
Anderson,  Capt.,  84. 

Thomas,  220. 
Antietam  Creek,  31. 
Apathy  of  the  people,  6. 
Appalachian       Mountain, 

I  12. 

Appendix,  purpose  of,  133. 
Appropriation  for  troops, 

141. 
Armed       expedition       to 

Ohio,  24,   133. 
Armory  for  the  U.  S.,  70. 
Arms  for  soldiers,  13. 
recovered,  183. 
sold  by  deserters,  183. 
taken  up,  1 19. 
Army    rank    regulations, 

229. 

Arrans,  Jacob,  179,  181. 
Arsdale,  Samuel,  178,  195, 

198,  204. 
Articles    of    Capitulation, 

22,   56. 

Articles  of  War,  58. 
Artillery,    107,    126,    147, 

148,  156. 

Assembly  of    Virginia,  3, 
4,  5,  9,    n,    15,   1 8, 
20,  23,  47,  121,  141, 
188,  189. 
apathetic,  225. 
prorogued,  225. 


Assembly  thanks  officers 

and  men,    165. 
of    Pennsylvania,   17, 

1  20. 

Attack  on  the  camp,  89. 
by  the  French,  128. 
Attorney-General,   21,  75. 

power  of,  86. 
Aughquick,   Pa.,   38,    100, 

124. 

Augusta    co.,  Va.,   5,   16, 
20,  129,  184,  197,  218. 

Bacon,  179,    181. 


Bahama  Islands,  62. 
Bailey,  Edward,    174. 

Henry,  171,  190,  198, 

200,  212,  216. 
William,  176,216,212. 
Baker,  John,  enlists,  181. 
Baker,     Corporal    Josias, 

175,  192,  197,  202. 
Baltimore,  73,  148. 
Barbadoes,  Island  of,  9. 
Bark  —  a  boat,  67. 
Barnes,  Bartholomew,  193. 

John,  179,  210. 
Barret,  Nathan,  178,    195, 

204,  209,  213,  216. 
Bateaux,  30,  42,  45. 
Batson,  Solomon,  190,  200. 
Battalion,  3Oth,  24. 
Battle    of    Monongahela, 

79> 


Index. 


237 


Battle    of    Great    Bridge, 

Va.,  1 88. 

of  Great  Meadows, 
24,  26,  28,  53,  56, 
64,  65,  135,  143, 
144,  145,  150,  169, 
181,  187,  199,  201, 

214,    222,    226. 

Point  Pleasant,  129. 
Batty,  James,  171. 
Baxter,  Joseph,  175,  202. 
Bayne,  John,  210,  21 1,  212, 

218. 

Bedford  co.,  Va.,  90,  130. 
Beef,  189. 
Belle  River,  157. 
Bellhaven    (now    Alexan 
dria),  15,  180. 
Bell,  Robert,  177,  194,  203, 

220. 
Belts    of    wampum,    114, 

116. 
Belvoir,  Fairfax's  Estate, 

1 88,  230. 
Bennett,  Robert,  178,  195, 

204. 
Berkeley  co.,  Va.,  27,  29. 

Sir  Wm.,  15. 
Bermuda,  Island  of,  9. 
Beyans,  John,  170. 
Biddlecomb,     John,     174, 

193,  197,  202. 
Big  Kettle,  101. 
Big  Meadow  Run,  73. 
Billot,  Daniel,  202. 


Bird,  Thomas,  1 75. 
Bishop,    John,     204,    213, 

216. 

Black,  James,  177, 193,203. 
Bladen,  Gov.,of  Maryland, 

32. 

Blair,  John,  209. 
Bland    of    Assembly,    23, 

153- 
Blankets,  114. 

Blue  Ridge,  181. 

Boats,  46,  70,  189. 

Boisner,  John,  179. 

Bolton,  Richard,  177,  194, 
203,  213,  216. 

Bomgardner,  Charles,  204. 
Christopher,  179,  196, 

213,  216. 
Godfrey,  177,   203. 

Bonny,     Alexander,    213, 
216,  218. 

Boston,  36,  61,  79. 

Boston,      Soloman,       de 
serted,  171. 

Botetourt  county,  129. 

Boucherville,  M.  de,  94. 

Boundary  line  of  Virginia, 

12,    125. 

Bounty    lands,    205,    206, 

218. 
money,  183,  197,  201, 

202,  203,  204. 
of  a  pistole,  169,  184. 
Bowman,  Henry,  171,  190, 
198,  200. 


238 


Index. 


Boyd,  Corporal  John,  178, 

195,  204. 
Braddock,  Genl.,  8,  n,  79, 

I25>  J35>  i5°»   l88>  l89> 
229,  233. 

Braddock's  Army.  93,  107. 
Camp  No.  8,  72. 
campaign,  28,  72,  82, 

130. 

defeat,  34,  162. 
expedition,  25,  26,53, 
100,  104,  129,    187, 
188. 

grave,  73. 
papers,  8. 
road,  89. 
Branches   and   waters    of 

Ohio,  41. 

Brandywine,  battle  of,  90. 
Bread  for  soldiers,  189. 
Brethren  the  English,  37. 
the  Indians,  109,  114, 

118. 

Brickner,     Sergeant     Ru 
dolph,  176,  1 80,  193,  203. 
Bristowe,  Henry,  179,  195, 

204. 
British  Army,  21,   24,  65, 

228. 

claim,  6. 

government,  43. 
interests,  121. 
ministry,  34,  125,  128, 

164,  165. 
post  at  Venango,  34. 


British  pride,  228. 

West  Indies,  49. 
Broadwater,  Charles,  27. 
Brock,  Maj.  Robert,  n. 

R.  A.,  21,  38,  77,  98, 


Bronaugh,  Capt.  Wm.,  163, 
166,  173,  186,  187,   199, 

2IO,    212,   2l6,    2l8. 

Brooks,    Bibby,    173,    192, 

201. 

Brooks,  William,  73. 
Broughton,  Wm.,  179,  195, 

204,  213,  216. 
Brown,    John,     171,     177, 

190,  198,  200. 
Brownsville,  Pa.,  42. 
Bryan,  John,  171. 
Build  forts,  57,  187. 
Bullett,  Cuthbert,  215. 
Ensign  Thomas,  183, 
186,  187,  212,  216, 
218. 

Bunker  Hill,  Va.,  90. 
Burgesses,    House    of,    8, 

12,  121,  220,  227. 
Burke,  John,  15,  193,  202. 

Thomas,  179,  204. 
Burney,  Thomas,  175,  193, 

197,  202. 

Burns,  Barthow,  175,  197, 

202. 

Burnt  houses,  161. 
Burris,  Thomas.  179,  195, 

198,  204. 


Index. 


239 


Burton,  Joshua,    173,  191, 

20  1. 

Burwell,  Carter,  8. 
Byarly,   Christopher,    177, 

203. 
Byrd,  Col.  Wm.,  79. 

Cacapehon,  Great,  181. 
Cadets,  French,  22,  90,92, 

93>  94- 
Cahill,  Edward,  175,  202. 

Calendar,       Va.,       State 

Papers,  101. 

Callincaux,  Charles,  184. 
Cameron,   an  Estate,    26, 

27. 

Parish,  27. 
Run,  27. 
Cammack,  James,  195,  197, 

202,  209. 

Camp  at  New  Store,  48. 
Hidden,  91. 
Master  Genl.,  56. 
of  retreating  troops, 


Campaign  to  Ohio,  8,  133, 

164,  165. 
Campbell,  John,  177,  193, 

198,  203. 

Canada,  17,  22,  23,  55,  59, 
101,  102,  152,  153, 
157,  164. 

Contingent,  33,  54. 
General  of,  36. 
Governor  of,  3,  1  20. 


Canadian  half-breeds,  102. 
Cannaday,  Anthony,  190. 
Cannon  in  the  service,  13, 
30,  45,  107,  i56- 

mounting  of,  14,  72. 

transportation  of,  49, 

Si- 
Canoes,  30,  42,  45,  46,  59, 

67,  161,  181. 
Cape  Breton  Expedition, 

61. 

Capitol,  Williamsburg,  84. 
Capitulation  of  Fort  Ne 
cessity,  22,  25,  143, 
223. 

to  the  French,  59,  73, 

128,  146,  159,   224. 

terms       written       in 

French,    147,    154, 

i57>  223. 

no  copy  in  English, 

147.  ' 
terms    as     accepted, 

.'SS- 
criticised,  64. 

translation    of,     147, 

223. 

Capshaw,  John,  68,  190. 
Captains  in  service,  170. 

and  other  officers,  58. 
Carlyle  and  Dalton,  188. 
Maj.  John,  5,    14,  16, 
182,  184,   186,  188, 
^  189,^190,   196. 
Commission  of,  189. 


240 


Index. 


Carnes,  William,  175,  213, 

216. 

Carolina,  S.  C.,  Independ- 
^  ent  Co.,  55,  105. 
Caroline  county,  Va.,  105. 
Carroll,  John,  i  70,  190,200. 
Carson,  James,  drummer, 

170,  183,  189,  200. 
Carter,  Charles,  23. 

Serg.    Thomas,    177, 

184,  193,  203. 
William,  177, 194,203. 
Carthagena     Expedition, 

21,  55>  105. 
Carts,  189. 

Castelman's  River,  69. 
Casterson,  J  oseph,  1 90, 200. 
Cat,  Jacob,  68. 
Catawba  Indians,  46. 
Cattle  for  beef;  181. 
Cellars,  Thomas,  192. 
"  Centaur  "  ship,  142. 
Chaddock,   Thomas,   1 73, 

192,  201. 
Chain  of  friendship,   116, 

1 1 8,  1 20. 

Chape,  Matthew,  203. 
Chaplain,  William,  198. 
Chapman,  John,  173,  192, 

198. 
Nathaniel,    175,    193, 

202,  212,  216. 
Charlottesville,  Va.,  13. 
Charter  of  Ohio  co.,  43. 
Chavert's,  74. 


Cherokee  Indians,  46,  54, 

,  \29' 
Chickasaw  Indians,  46. 

Children,  Indians  so- 
called,  1 1 7. 

Chillisquaque  river,  104. 

Chininque  or  Logstown, 
101. 

Chippeway  Indians,  50. 

Christian  Majesty's 
troops,  34,  40,  146,  148, 

155. 
Cincade,  John,  213. 

Cincheloe,  cash  for  taking 
deserter,  184. 

Civil  and  military  magis 
trates,  189. 

Claims,  18,  19. 

Clark,  Andrew,    173,  191, 

201. 

capt.  of  independent 
^  Co.,  141. 
Gerrett,  1 75. 

Clements,  John,  179,  195, 
204. 

Clifton,  England,  9. 

Clinton,  Governor,  1 7. 

Coffee  House,  84. 

Coffland,  William,  1 70. 

Coin,  John,  177,  194,  203. 

Coleman,  William,  172, 
191,  201,  213,  216. 

Collector  of  Customs,  9,83. 

Colonial  officers  without 
rank,  70,  227,  228. 


Index. 


241 


Colonies,  4,  10,  231. 

to   act    aggressively, 

165. 

taxing  them,  10. 
Colony  of    Pennsylvania, 

124. 

of  Virginia,  3,  4,  12, 
13,   19,   29,  76,  87, 
120,  143,  153,  189. 
Comerly,  Philip,  1 75. 
Commack,  James,  213,216. 
Command,  16. 
Commander  of  British,  62. 
in  Chief,  6,  163,  216. 
Commissaries  of  Stores,  5, 

1 88,  189. 
Commission      of      Major 

Carlyle,  189. 
of  Lieut-Col.,  7. 
of  Capt.  Trent,  40, 41. 
Commissioner   of    Indian 

Affairs,  103. 

Commissioners    to    treat 
with     Indians,     12, 

17,  1 8. 

to  Logstown,  104. 
Commissions  from  Gover 
nors,  n,  64. 
the  King,  1 1,  64,  227, 

228. 
in  Virginia  regiment, 

1 06. 

Commissions  toCadets,94. 
Companies  of  foot,  20. 
in  Va.  regiment,  169. 
31 


Compensation  for  losses, 

,76- 

Concluding  chapter,  220. 
Confederation  of  Indians, 

100. 

Confluence,  69. 
Congress,  acts  of,  16. 
Connellsville,  Pa.,  107. 
Conner,  Bryan,  68,  196. 
Conotocarious      (pseudo- 
^  nym),   51. 

Conspiracy  against  Wash 
ington,  25. 

Constitution  of  U.  S.,  29. 
Contrecceur,  Capt.  de,  30, 

33*  34,  36,  39>  45>  7*> 
92,  94,  96,  97,  107,  114, 
144,  161,  162. 

Convention  to  ratify  Con 
stitution,  29. 

Conway,     Timothy,     1 79, 
196,  204,  213,  216. 

Copeland,  William,  216. 

Corbin,  Elizabeth,  77. 

Col.    Philip,    74,    76, 

77- 

Corn,  189. 
Corondawana,  103. 
Corporals,  list  of,  1 70. 
Corps,  131. 

to  rendezvous,  60. 
Costerton,  Joseph,  171. 
Costland,  William,  212. 
Council  of  war,  14,  33,  39, 
46,  58,  136,  138. 


242 


Index. 


Council,  Governor's,  4,  5, 
9,   12,   76,  84,   120, 
226,  227. 
with  Indians,  51,  88, 

101,  1 08. 
adjourned,  1 16. 
closed,  122. 
with  Mingoes,  108. 
Counting-house,  9. 
Country  thanks  troops,  232. 
County    lieutenants,     12, 

76,.  77- 
Courier  appointed,  60. 

Court,  a  general  one,  84. 
martial,  14,  15,  18,  29, 

58,  135- 
Cox,  Matthew,   172,   191, 

201,  212,  216. 
Coyle,  Patrick,  175,  202. 
Craig's  memoir  of  Stobo, 

154. 

Craik,  Alexander,  210. 
Geo.  Washington;  25. 
Ensign  Jas.,  24,  166. 
Lieutenant   Jas.,    24, 

25,  26,  1 86,  199. 
Surgeon  Jas.,  12,  186, 
199,  208,   209,  210, 

211,   212,    2l6,    2l8. 

Crawford,  Capt.  Wm.,  206, 
207,  208,  209,  210. 

Creagh,  John,  209. 

Creek  Indians,  S.  C.,  28. 

Cresap,  Cap.  Michael,  32, 
181. 


Cresap,  Col.  Thomas,  3, 
30,  31,  32,  44,  104,  120, 
181. 

Crest  of  Alleghany  Moun- 
^  tains,  34. 

Croghan,  Col.  George,  1 7, 
101,  119,  120,   124,  125, 
126,  127,  1 8 1. 
Cromwell,  Wm.,  181. 
"Crow  Foot"  69. 
Crown     commissions     to 

rank,  12,  229. 
Crown  of  Great   Britain, 
^  141,  189.^ 

Great     Britain     and 
France,  35,  36,  40, 

95- 

and  Ohio  Co.,  Si. 
Cumberland  county,  Pa., 

i7>  20- 
city  of,  Md.,    12,  40, 

72,  73>  163. 
Duke  of,  65. 

Customs  collected  in 
America,  9. 

Daily,  James,  179, 195,204. 
Dallowe,  Claud,  179,  195, 

204. 

Dalton,  John,  188. 
Davis,  John,  198. 
Tudor,  220. 

Deadman,  Nathaniel,  198. 
Dean,  William,   173,   191, 

198,  201. 


Index. 


243 


De  Boucherville,  M.,  94. 
De  Contrecceur,    M.,  92, 

94,  96,  97,  161.^ 
Decoration  of  Indians,  100. 
Defensive  attitude,  6,  16. 

works,  66,  127. 
De  Jumonville,  Ensign,34, 

7i,  92>  93- 
camp  of,  89. 
command  under,  107. 
death  of,  223. 
Lord,  157. 
skirmish  with,  26,  37, 

54,  68,   73,  89,  90, 

IO2,    148,   222. 

Delaware  Indians,  18,  78, 
91,  99,  103,  107,  109, 
113,  114,  116,  119,  120, 
122,  ^123,  124,  128. 

Demerie's,  Capt.,  inde 
pendent  company,  142. 

Department  of  State,  9,  25. 

Deputy  commissary,  189. 
Indian  inspector,  54. 

Deserters,    108,  123,    180, 


from  the  French,  107. 
De  Spiltdorph,  Carlos  G., 

98. 

Detachment  of  troop,  107, 

231. 
to  Augusta  county, 

197. 
under  Capt.  Lewis, 

197,  198. 


Detail  to  assist  sick,  160. 

De  Villiers,  M.  Coulon,  92, 
155,  223. 

Deweny,  William,  171. 

Dewey,  James,  178. 

Digges,  Capt.  Dudley,  142. 

Dinwiddie,  Lieut.-Gov. 
Robert,  3,  4,  5,  7, 
9,  10,  n,  12,  16,  18, 
19,  22,  24,  32,  33, 
40,  44,  45,  48,  53, 
56,  57,  62,  65,  74, 
93,  98,  106,  135, 
141,  149,  155,  162, 
164,  187,  189,  197, 
214,  215,  216,  230, 
231,  233, 
land  grants,  187. 
letter  to  the  French, 

21. 

Papers,  9,  10,  12,  21, 
24,  37,  38,  41,  57, 
61,  62,  65,  75,  77, 
90,93,100,121,125, 
135,  154,  163,  187, 
1 88,  189,  200. 
proclamation,  21,  25, 
68,  90,  131,  205, 
206,  207. 

his  zeal,  225,  226,  227. 
Diplomatic  exploit,  221. 
Director  of  military  hos 
pital,  25. 

Disabled  soldiers,  list  of, 
220. 


244 


Index. 


Disbursements  not  recol 

lected,  181. 
Discipline    to     be    main 

tained,  14,  58. 
of  Capt.  Trent's  men, 

48. 

Discussion    of    battle    of 

Great  Meadows,  222. 
Dispersion  of  North  Caro 

lina  troops,  48,  56. 
Dispossess  the  French,  1  1  1. 
Distinguished  rank,  58. 
District  of  Columbia,  16. 
Dixon  &  Purdie,  207. 
Documentary    history    of 

New  York,  1  10,  126. 
Dominion   of  Virginia,  4, 

40,  216. 

Donaldson,  Mr.,  210. 
Donation,  lands,  104,  105. 
Donnaghough,     Thomas, 

194,  203. 
Doran,  Matthew,  212,  216, 

220. 

Doughy,  Patrick,  190. 
Drake,  62,  126. 
Drafting  militia,  5. 
Draxeller,    Bernard,    177, 


.. 
Drinking  habit,  29. 

Druillon,  Major,    22,    90, 

93- 
Drummers,  1  70. 

Drums  beating,  156. 
Dublin,  Ireland,   124. 


Dulany,  M.,  31. 
Dunahough,  Thomas,  177. 
Dunbar  Township,  137. 
Dunbar's  Camp,  89. 
Dunlap's  creek  settlement, 

42. 
Dunmore  county,  21. 

Lord,  Gov.,   21,   130, 

187,  231. 
Dunn,  Charles,  177. 
Duphy,  Patrick,    171,  200. 
Duqueson,  Marquis,  136. 
Durham,   John,   175,   193, 
202,  220. 

Matthew,  1 73, 1 91,201. 
Du  Sable,  M.,  94. 
Dutchman,  162. 

Earnest,  Henry,  179,  196, 

204. 
Edinburgh,   Scotland,  20, 

,  24- 

Edwards,  Fort,  180,  181. 
Effluck,  Peter,  173. 
Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  135, 
Elliot,   Robert,    173,    192, 

201. 

Embassy    to    French,  91, 
^94. 

Enemy,  superiority  of,232. 
Engagement,   papers  lost 

in,  155,  181. 
returns  after,  1 10,  146, 
167,  172,  174,    176, 
178,  180,  181. 


Index. 


245 


England  and   France,  36, 

^  134,  146. 
English  flag,  156. 

invited    by     Indians, 

66,  1 10,  1 13,  1 14. 
on  the  Ohio,  225. 
to  attack,   31,   78,  79, 

92,  93>  95- 

traders  arrested,  36. 
troops,  87, 92,  99,  1 10, 

155,  196- 
Enlistments    encouraged, 

6>  37>  63>  87,    114,  184, 

205. 

Ensigns,  170. 
Equal  rights  and  honors, 

227. 

Essex  county,  Va.,  n. 
Essleet,  Peter,  201. 
Ettrick,  Shepherd,  20. 
Eustis,  Gov.,  62. 
Evacuation  of  Ohio  fort, 

-,33- 

Evans,  Barnaby,  180. 

Edward,       drummer, 
178,   195,  204,  213, 
216. 
Everard,   Gov.  Secretary, 

209,  210. 
Ewell,  Col.  Charles,  25. 

Mariamne,  25. 
Expedition  to  Ohio,  5,  16, 
24,28,56,78,87,89, 
90,129,181,189,226. 
cause  of  failure,  151. 


Express  to  Col.  Fry, 27, 97. 
rider,  74,   75,  76,  181, 

183. 
Expulsion  of  the  French, 

32. 

Fairfax  county,  68,  76,  187. 
Col.  G.  W.,  74. 
Hon.    Wm.,    76,   188, 

226. 
Lord    Thomas,   4,   5, 

10,  12,  28,  182. 
Falls  City,  Pa.,  70. 
of  Ohio,  53. 
of  Potomac,  14. 
Farmer,    John,    179,    195, 

205. 
Fayette    county,   Pa.,    53, 

70,  72,  73>  89>   107,  137- 
Featon,  John,  202. 
Feed  and  clothe  Indians, 

I  12. 

Fees,  extra,  209. 
Ferguson,    Duncan,    173, 

191,  201. 
James,  175,  203. 
John,  178,  195,  205. 
Ferry  and  fording,  107. 
Field,  John,  175,  178,  193, 

203 

officers,  58. 

Fields,   natural  and    tree 
less,  127. 

Fighting  men,  Indian,  121. 
Fisher,  Thomas,  171. 


246 


Index. 


Fitzhugh,  Col.  Wm.,  230. 
Flag  of  truce,  22. 
Flemming,  Surgeon,  25. 
Flour,   deficiency    of,    63, 

140,  1 8 1,  189. 
Force  met  by  force,  6,  14. 
Peter,  81,155,170,201. 
Ford;  James,  173,  195,  198, 

2OI,    2O5,   213,   2l6. 

of  a  stream,  55. 
Forest,  James,  heirs  of,  21 8. 
Fork  of  Ohio,  16,  18,  32, 

45,    100,    101,    120, 

162,  165. 

Youghiogheny,  69. 
Fort  at  fork  of    Ohio,  6, 

13,  1 6,  37>  57,  101, 

205,  218. 

Will's  Creek,  164. 
Bedford,  29. 
Burd  or  Byrd,  42. 
Cumberland,    28,   29, 

30>  56,  65,  73,  104, 

225. 
Duquesne,  10,  21,  22, 

28,29,34,54,71,72, 

92>  957  96>  97.  I25> 
129,  136,   150,   151, 

161,  187. 
Edwards,  31,  78. 
French,  33,42,  43,51, 
101,  122,    124,   162, 
189. 

Fort  at  Gist's,  73,  136,  137, 
138- 


Fort  LeBceuf,  75,  99,  123. 

Louther,  Pa.,  125. 

Mount  Pleasant,  225. 

Necessity,  20,  22,  25, 
27,  28,73,98,99, 
141,142,143, 144, 
145,146,  159,163, 

187. 
capitulation  of,  164, 

223. 

description  of,  143. 

surrender,  155,  156. 

of  the  Ohio  company, 

30,  32,  102. 
Pearsal,  30. 
Pitt, 7,  20,79,  125,208. 
Redstone,  43. 
sight  for,  1 8,  69. 
Stanwix,  129. 
Fortified     trading   house, 

1 20. 

Fortify  and  defend,  141. 
Forts   beyond    the    Alle- 

ghanies,  224. 
building  by    French, 

45- 
beyond  Ohio,  7,  14, 

52,  59- 

near  Kennebec,  61. 
settlements     around, 

149. 
Foster,  Nicholas,  171,  200. 

Thomas,  175. 
Fowler,  Andrew,  173,  192, 
198,  201,  213,  216,  219. 


Index. 


247 


Fox,  John,  heirs  of,   217, 

219. 

Franklin,  Dr.  Benj.,  17. 
John,  170,  213,  217. 
Venango  Co.,  34. 
Franks,  Michael,  177,  194, 

203. 

Frazier,  Adjutant,  163. 
Lieut.  John,  18,33,54, 

161,  162,  163. 
Frederick  county,  Va.,  5, 

16,  82. 
Parish,  83. 
Fredericksburg,  Va.,  210. 

Masonic  lodge,  21. 
French    and    English    in 
America,    61,    134, 
146,  148. 
advice     to      Indians, 

117. 
and     Indian     forces, 

143. 
and  Indians,  13,  26,37, 

46,  67,  90,  100,  102, 

104,  1 10,  128. 
and    Indian    village, 

100. 
attacked  by  Indians, 

99. 
building      forts      on 

Ohio,  63,  66,  101. 
cannon,  72. 
captains,  31. 
claims  to  Mississippi, 
34,  35- 


French  claims  to  Ohio,  3, 

4,  6>   I2>  34,  35,  63, 

115,  120,  136. 
commandant  on  Ohio, 

21,  75>  123. 
complaints  against,  3. 
creek,  34. 

deserters,  102,  123. 
detachments,  72. 
encampments  at  fort, 

124. 

engagement,  64. 
expulsion  begun,  6, 10. 
feared  by  traders,  62. 
forces  large,   74,  122, 
123,129,130,145. 

on  Ohio,  3,4,  20,34. 
garrison,  39,  45,  59. 
Gist's,  77,  78. 
hiding,  88. 

invite    Delaware    In 
dians,  1 1 6. 

Mingoes,   108. 
influence  on  Ohio,  43, 

52,  92,  120. 
invest  fort  at  Forks, 

162. 

looked    upon    as    in 
vaders,  59,  97,  in. 
march  and  attack,  71, 

106,  136,  138. 
military    in    Canada, 

33- 

notification    to    Eng 
lish,  34,  35. 


248 


Index. 


French  officer  slain,  37. 
open  battle    at    Fort 

Necessity,  144. 
pretensions,  149. 
prisoners,  22,  98,  102, 

148,  156,  157. 
re-enforced,  49,  128. 
retire     after     battle, 

161. 
scalps  sent  to  Indians, 

91,  99. 

scouting  parties,  135. 
summons  from,  59. 
town,  104. 
version  of  Journal,  70, 

131,  134- 
working  on  fort,  71. 

Frontier   settlements,    13, 


, 
Fry    &  Jefferson's    Map, 

12. 

Henry,  208. 
Col.    John,    heirs    of, 

217. 
Col.  Joshua,  7,  10,  1  1, 

12,     13,    24,    25,    27, 

28,  33,  48,  55.  56, 
65,  74,  97,  102,  105, 
162,  182,  187,  208, 

212,  219,  221,  224. 
W.   O,    I3. 

Fullham,  James,  175,  177, 

193,  197,  203. 
Furs  and  skins,  31. 
Fyan,  Wm.,  68. 


Gage,  Commandant,  135. 
Gaine    (Printer,    N.   Y.), 

^  7>  37- 
Gallahour,  John,  179,  195, 

198,  205. 

Gallant     and     brave    be 
havior,    68,     105,     166, 


^ 

Galloway,     Patrick,     177, 
193,  204,  209,   213,  217. 
Gardner,  William,  179. 
Garrison  on  Ohio,  39,  122. 
Gates,  General,  135,  188. 
Gatewood,    Joseph,     173, 
192,  201,  212,   217. 
Philip,  191,  201,  213, 

217. 
Ganse,  Benjamin,  171,  190, 

198,  200. 

General  Assembly,  85,  86. 
courts,  121. 
rendezvous,  58. 
George  III,  215. 
Georgia,  State  of,  64. 
Georgetown,  Md.,  15. 
German,  161. 
Gerrard,   Wm.,   177,    194, 

204. 

Gevin,  James,   178. 
Gholson,  John,  209,  217. 
Gibbs,    Joseph,    171,    178, 

190,    195,    198,    200,   217. 

Gillam,  Joseph,  220. 
Gilmore  papers,  77. 
Gist,  Anne,  54. 


Index. 


2  49 


Gist,  Col.  Christopher,  18, 
51,  53,  54,  62,  72, 
77,  91,  102,  106, 
108,  134,  135,  136, 
137,  138,  140,  161, 

163. 

Nathaniel,  54. 
Richard,  54. 
Thomas,  54. 
Violet,  54. 
Glasgow,  Scotland,  9,  148, 

,  149- 

Gobell,  George,  177,  204. 
God's  protection,  15. 
Goldson,   John,   170,   189, 

200,  213. 

Gooch,  Lieut. -Gov.,  55. 
Good,  J  ames,  1 7 1 , 1 90,  200, 

220. 
Goodwin,     Edward,    173, 

192,  201,  212,  217,  220. 
Gordon,  David,  217. 
Gorman,  David,  173,  191, 

201,  209,  213,  220. 
Governor  of  Virginia,  84, 

151,  152,   164,  174, 

175,  188,  224,  225. 

and  council,  19,44,  76. 

funds  from,  184. 

order  to  Capt.  Lewis, 

184. 

policy,  155,  228. 
proclamation,  206. 
Gowing,  Jacob,    171,  190, 
198,  200. 
32 


Great  Britain,  44,  215,  221. 
Cacapon  river,  78. 
Crossing,  72,  163. 
guns,  14. 

Kanawha  river,  42. 
Meadows,  8,  9,  22,  64, 
65,  68,  72,  74,  78, 

79>93,   105,   124, 
127,128,129,140, 
142,143,155,164, 
223,  225. 
battle  of,  169,  199, 

201. 

run,  127. 
survey  of,  73. 
Mountain,  95. 
war  belt,  123. 
West,  224. 
Graham,  Serj.  Robert,  192, 

„  197- 
Grammar  school,  n. 

Grand-Chaudiere,  101. 
Grant's,  Gen.,  defeat,  29, 
^  129,  187. 
Grave  of  Gen.  Braddock, 

„  73- 

Graves,  Edward,  171,  200. 
Green  Spring,  77. 
Grymes,  Serj.  Robert,  1 74, 

203. 

Guide  and  interpreter,  181. 
Gun,  a  swivel,  148. 
Gunsmith,  161,  162. 
Gwin,  James,  213. 
Gwynn's  Island,  130. 


250 


Index. 


Haiter,  James,  220. 

Half-King,  37,  38,  39,  42, 
44,  46,  50,  52,  60, 
66,  67,  71,  72,  74, 
78,  88,  90,  97,  98, 
99,  100,  101,  108, 

109,    122,    127. 

character  of,  60. 

named  Dinwiddie,  37. 

son  killed,  100. 
Halifax,  Lord,  23,  80,  233. 
Haltzley,  Christopher, 205. 
Hamilton,  Benjamin,  172, 
1 80,  191,  20 1. 

James,  Gov.,   Pa.,    5, 
17,  44,  119. 

John,    Serj.,  68,    176, 

193,    204,     209,    220. 

Hampshire    county,    Va., 

82. 

Hampton  Roads,  93,  141. 
Hanbury,  John,  44,  80,  81. 
Handly,  Cornelius,  203. 
Hangard    or   storehouse, 

42,^43,  95,  161. 
Harbinson,  William,   174, 

203. 

Hardin,  Henry,  184. 
Harris,  Thomas,  173,  192. 
Harrisburg,  Pa.,  124. 
Harrison,  Lawrence,  73. 
Hart,  John,  198,  208. 
Hatchet,  to  take  up,  36,  90, 

107. 
Harvey,  Jacob,  68. 


Harwood,  John,  190,  200. 
Havre-de-Grace,  Md.,  31. 
Hayslap,  Abner,  172,  191. 
Southy,  173,  191,201. 
Head  waters  of  Ohio,  40, 

122. 

Helsley,  Christopher,  179. 
Henly,  Cornelius,  1 75, 193. 
Hennessy,  Thomas,  177, 

204. 
Henry,  Gov.   of  Virginia, 

1 88. 

Heyter,  James,  173. 
High  land,  95,  157. 
Hill,  widow  of  Col.,  n. 
Hillsborough,  Lord,  87. 
Historical       Society       of 

Maryland,  49. 
Hite,  John,  210. 
Hobson's  choice,  143. 
Hog,  James,  20. 

Capt.    Peter,    20,    25, 

77,  167,  172,  184, 

186,187,191,  192, 

196,201,208,  209, 

210,212,217,  219. 

Thomas,  20. 

Hogan,  William,  194,  201, 

213,  217.  ^ 
Holland,  William,  21,  179, 

195,  198,  205. 
Hollis,   Mark,  Serj.,    179, 

195,  205,  209. 
Honors  of  war,  147,  153. 
Horn,  May,  217. 


Index. 


251 


Horn,  William,  213,  219. 
Horse  and  man,  74. 

fell  from,  12. 
Horses  killed  or  lost,  146, 

1 60,  189. 

lost  in  service,  75,  76. 

Hospitals  at  Yorktown,  2*5. 

Hostages  to  the  French, 

22,  23,    149,    150,    152, 

T53>  155.  T59>   171.  J72. 
House,    Argil,    173,    191, 

201,  220. 

of  Burgesses,  15,  18, 
19,  23,  24,  25,  26, 
2-8,  29,  53,  68,  75, 
79,  85,  89,  105,  129, 

130,  i35,  137,  138, 
141,  151,   152,  153, 
154,  165,   1 66,  1 68, 
169,  187,  1 88. 
Houses  burnt  by  Indians, 

82. 

Houston,  John,  213,  217. 
Howard,  Arthur,  117,  194, 

204. 

Matthew,  179. 
Howson,  Robert,  15. 
Hunter,  Col.,  121. 

Robert,  103. 
Hunter's  cabin,  38. 

marching  routes,  125. 
kill  game,  149. 
Hunting  creek  warehouse, 

IS- 
shirts,  125. 


Huntingdon    county,   Pa., 

125. 

hluron  Indians,  103. 
Hurst,   George,    69,    213, 

217. 
Huston,  John,  179. 

Joseph,  73. 
Hyden,  Samuel,  173,  192, 

198,  202. 
Hyler,  James,  191,  201. 

Impressed    into     service, 

189. 

Independence  of  the  Col 
onies,  165,  221. 
Independent     companies, 
61,  63,  64,  65,  103, 
105,  141,   164,   165, 
167,  225,   227,  233. 
company     at     Will's 

Creek,  105. 
Indian  agents,  125. 
atrocities,  6. 
boundary  lines,  125. 
camps,  88,  90. 
councils,  100,  101. 
company  in   Revolu 
tion,  103. 
depredations,  4. 
families  reside  in  Vir 
ginia,  102,  1 12. 
George,   a   Delaware 

chief,  124. 
guides,  72. 
incursions,  166. 


252 


Index. 


Indian     interpreters,    36, 

102,  120. 

for     Pennsylvania, 
124. 

language,  3  2, 124,  181. 

named  Fairfax,  100. 

traders,  31,  98,  122, 
124,  162. 

trails  across  moun 
tains,  40,  107. 

treaty  at  Logstown, 
12. 

warriors,  122. 

with  canoes,  42,  67. 
Half-King,  71. 

young  man,  30,  62,  66. 
Indians  and  French,  36. 

at  Gist's,  77,  78. 

attached  to  English, 
30,  44,  59,  60,  100, 

called  children,  35. 

from  the  French,  63, 
126. 

invited  to  council,  47, 
102,  125. 

killed  a  Delaware,  128. 

march  with  Washing 
ton,  107. 

on  Ohio,  14,  101. 

plundering  baggage, 
1 60. 

request  forts,  120. 

scalp  French,  90. 

southern,  14. 


I  ndians  speak  English,  1 1 8* 
surprise  from,  95. 
women  and  children, 
112,  113. 

Innes,   Col.    Commander, 

55>  56,  57>  58,  61, 

65,   104,   106,    226, 

231. 
to  raise  independent 

companies,  61,  65. 
Inspector  of  troops,  9, 140. 
Instructions  to  Col.  Fry, 

13- 
French,  71. 

Interpreters,  102. 
Ireland,  86?  124,  129,  188. 
Iroquois,  112. 

Jack,  Capt,  125. 

Jacobs'  life  of  Cresap,  32. 

James,  Charles,  112,  117. 

City  county,  77. 

John,  170. 

Jealousies  of  rank,  65. 
Jefferson  county,  Va.,  79. 

Peter,  12. 
Jenkins,  William,   74,  75, 

76,  181,  213,  217. 
Jerseys,  152. 

Joanes,  Charles,  191,  202. 
Jones,  Adam,  1 70, 190, 200. 

Matthew,     175,    192, 
197,  203,  213,  217. 

Robert,  173,  191,  202, 
213,  217. 


Index. 


253 


Johnson,  Jane,  31. 

Wire,  1 94, 204,2 12,217. 
Johnston,  John,   177,  189, 

193,  200,  204. 
William,  172,176,191, 

202,  212,  217. 
Jordan,  Joshua,   179,  213, 

217. 

Journal,  H.  B.,  75,  166,167. 
kept  by  Col.   Wash 
ington,  181. 
in  possession   of  the 

French,  134. 
French  version  of,  7, 

70,  131,  133. 

may  be  found,  134. 

omissions  in  publica 
tion,  26,  70. 

sudden  close,  133. 

of    my  journey  over 

mountains,  76. 
Jumonville,  M.  de,  Ensign, 
34,  37,  89,  93,  94, 
95,  96,  98. 

widow  of,  93. 

daughter     Charlotte, 

93; 

Juniata  river,  124. 
Justice  of  Albemarle  co., 

Va.,  12. 

of  Court  of  Common 
Pleas,  17. 

Kanawha,  Great,  42,   207, 
208,  214,  215. 


Kaquehuston,  a  Delaware 

Indian,  123,  124. 
Kennebeck  region,  62. 
Kennedy,   Anthony,    191, 

200. 

Kibler,  Jacob,  69. 
Kill     and     destroy     the 

French,  17,  41. 
Killed  in  engagements,  22, 
171,  175,  176,   179. 
in  skirmish,  22. 
Kincade,  John,  217. 
King  and  Queen  co.,Va.,76. 
Beaver,  122. 
Edward,  177, 193,  204. 
France,  34,  35,36,40, 
95,    96,    146,    155, 

156. 

Great  Britain,  14,  34, 
^  40,  41,  59,  114. 
Shingas,  122,  123. 
Thomas,  198. 
King's  arms,  96. 

commission,    56,    64, 

228. 

grants,  80. 
soldiers,  139,  140. 
Kinton,  Dennis,  171. 
Kitson,  Thomas,  172,  180. 
Knowles,    William,     177, 
193,  204. 

La  Chauvignerie,  M.,  161. 
La  Force,  M.,  52,  54,  77, 
90,  92,  93,  107,  213. 


254 


Index. 


Lake  to  mountains,  36. 

scouts  to,  122. 
Lame   on   the  road,    171, 

173,  i?9- 
Lancaster,  Pa.,  17, 1 19, 161. 

Deed,  119. 
Land  at  Fort   Necessity, 

.73; 
distributed,  21,  218. 

granted  to  soldiers  by 
proclamation,  21. 

grants  to  soldiers,  5, 
6,  68,  105. 

grants,    conflicts    of, 

137- 
office   at    Richmond, 

211,  216. 
patents  in  Pa.,  100. 

in  Va.,  216. 
warrants,  73. 
Lands  claimed  by  France, 

35-   . 

on  Ohio,  41,  57,  205. 
Laneville,      King     and 

Queen  co.,  76. 
Langdon,  Robert,  217. 
Thomas,    Serj.,    171, 

189,  200. 

Lansdown,  William,   220. 
La  Peyronie,  Capt.  Wm., 

5i>  52,  53,  77- 
Larew,  Isaac,  114,  209. 
Latin  school,  148. 
Laurel  Hill,  Pa.,  69,  72. 
Creek,  69. 


Laurel  Hill  Mountain,  127. 
Laws  of  nations,  120. 
Lee,  Arthur,  77. 

Francis  Lightfoot,  77. 

John,  1 8 1,  204. 

Philip  Ludwell,  81. 

Richard,  81. 

Richard  Henry,     75, 

^  76,  77,  i53. 
Thomas,  44,  77,  81. 
Thomas  Ludwell,  77. 
William,  77. 
Left  with   the  sick,    171, 

173,  J75>  179- 
Legionville  on  Ohio,  101. 

Legislature  of  Md.,  32. 

of  Va.,  3. 
LeMercier,  Capt.  (French), 

34,  36,  146,  147. 
Leonard,  Adam,  179,  205. 

Henry,  69. 
Letort,   James,    173,    192, 

202,  217. 
Letter  Book,  Gov.  Sharp's, 

49. 

Letter  from  deserters,  108. 
George  Mercer,  81. 
Half  King,  71. 
officers,  169. 
Levison,    Matthew,    1 73, 

192,  202, 

Lewis,  Capt.  Andrew,  25, 
128,  129,  130,  137, 
1 66,  174,  175,  176, 
184,  1 86,  192,  196, 


Index. 


255 


197,  199,  200,  209, 
210,  211,  212,  217, 
219. 

detachment    of,    sent 
to  Augusta,  197. 

Capt.  Charles,  130. 

Charles,   son  of    An 
drew,  130. 

Freeman,  143. 

John,  129. 

Margaret  Lynn,  129. 

Nathaniel,   Corporal, 
170,  189,  200. 

Samuel,  129,  130. 

William,  130. 
Library  of  Congress,   81, 

i55>  170- 
Lieutenant-Governors,  10, 

216. 

Lieutenants,  16,  170. 
Line  of  frontier  forts,  20. 
of  Northern  Neck,  12. 
List  of  soldiers'  lands,  218. 
of   losses  not  remem 
bered,  137,  138. 
Little  Beaver  Creek,  38. 

Meadow,  127. 
Logstown   or   Chininque, 
17,  45,  99,  100,  101,  104, 
108,    1 14,  118,  119,  121, 
128. 

Lomax,  Lunford,  81. 
London,   England,  80,  82, 

83,  84. 
Long  Meadows,  31. 


Longdon,  Robert,  212. 
Lord  Fairfax,  182. 
Loss  in  Expedition,  164. 
Loudoun  co.,  Va.,  27,  181. 

General,  62. 
Louisburg,  151. 
Louisville,  Ky.,  53,  188. 
Loup    Indians,    50,     101, 

1 08,  109. 

Love  of  country,  82. 
Lowdermilk's  History,  143. 
Lowe,  John,  69. 
Lowery,  William,  178, 195, 

205,  213,  217. 
Loyal  Sock  River,  104. 

Indians,  medal  to,  38. 
Loyalists,  10. 
Loyalty  of  Van  Braam,  22. 
Lucas,  Edward,  181. 
Ludlow,  James,  175,  193, 

203,  213,  217. 
Ludwell,  Col.,  74,  77. 

Hannah,  77. 
Lycoming  co.,  Pa.,  104. 

McAnulty,  William,   213, 

217,  219. 

McBride,  James,  68. 
McCannon,  Michael,  174, 

193,  197,  203,^220. 
McClaran,  Daniel,  171. 
McCormack,  James,   175, 

214. 
McCoy,  Hugh,  Corporal, 

195,  205,  217. 


256 


Index. 


McCulley,John,  Serj.,  175 

192,  197,  213. 
McCulroy,  Robert,  171. 
McDonald,    Angus,    177, 

194,    204,   212,   217. 

McEntire,  John,  175. 
McGaugh,  Michael,  190. 
McGraff,  Michael,  220. 
McGrath,    Michael,     171, 

200. 

McGregory,  John,  193. 
McGuire,  John,   177,  181, 

202,  209. 
Mclntire,    William,    179, 

205. 

McKan,  Barnaby,  179. 
McKay,  Hugh,  179. 
McKee,  Alexander,  208. 
McKeesport,  Pa.,  69,  99. 
McKoy,  Robert,  171,  190, 

200. 

McLaughton,  James,  68. 
McPicke,  Patrick,  175,193, 

197,  203. 
McQuire,  John,  179,  195, 

205. 

McRoy,  Hugh,  212. 
McSwine,  George,  175. 
Mackaye,  Capt.  James,62, 

63,64,  65,  67,  137,  139, 

183,  184,  204,  223,  225, 

231. 

Mackgrigory,  John,  204. 
Madeira  wine,  butt  0^149. 
Magazine  of  provisions,  14. 


Magistrates,  civil  and  mili 
tary,  189. 

of  Essex  county,  11. 
Maid,  John,  205,  213,  217. 
Majesty's  commands,  6. 

council,  205. 

Dominion  of  Va.,i38. 

favor,  169. 

forces,  229. 

lands  on  Ohio,  137. 

lieut.-gov.,  40. 

officers,  71. 

service,  4,   7,   17,  60, 
63,  65. 

subjects,  41. 

troops,  92. 

use,  87. 
Major,  Nicholas,  170,  177, 

193,  204. 

Malatte,  Daniel,  175. 
Malcomb,    George,     196, 

198,  213,  217. 
Manual  of  arms,  48. 
Map  of  Colony  of  Va.,  12. 
Maples,  Daniel,  217. 
March  begun  to  Ohio,  20. 

Indian  fashion,  88. 
Marines,      French     com 
mander,  34,  92,  94. 
Markham,  George,  204. 
Marlboro,  Stafford  county, 

78,  130. 
Martin,    John,    172,    191, 

202. 
Martinsburgh,  Va.,  27. 


Index. 


257 


Maryland,  4,  25,  31,  44,  45, 
49>.53>  55,63,226. 
Archives,  49. 

Mashaw,  Abraham,  drum 
mer,  192. 

Mason  county,  Ky.,  21. 
George,  Esq.,  44,  68, 

221. 

Masonic  Order,  21. 
Massachusetts,  61,  62. 

Governor  of,  61. 
Maston,   John,    174,    192, 

197,  203. 
Match  coat,  99. 
May,  Jesse,  172,  113,  119. 
John,    179,    183,   195, 

205. 

Mayo,  Maj.  William,  12. 
Meadows,  Great,  8,  9,  72, 

127,  144. 

Meares,  John,  173,192,220. 
Meason,  Gen.  Thomas,  73. 
Medal  given  son  of  Ali- 

^  quippa,  99. 
given      friendly     In 
dians,  38. 

Meigs,  James,  192,  202. 
Members  of  the  Ohio  Co., 

80. 
Memoir  Continent,  31,  37, 

97,  134,  144. 
Men  exhausted  by  labor, 

140. 

fit  for  duty,  170,  172, 
i?4>  177- 
33 


Men  hired,  181. 
missing,  179. 
taken  prisoners,  179. 
Mercer,  Col.  George,   77, 
79,  80,  8 1,  83,  84, 
86,87,130,  I37>l66> 
178,  179,  1 80,   1 86, 
195,   196,   199,  204, 

208,    209,    212,   217, 
219. 

James,  86, 87, 208, 209. 
John,    Esq.,    44,     78, 

81,  130,  131. 
John,      Ensign,      78, 
128,  130,  131,   166, 
177,  178,    1 86,  196, 
199.  ^ 
Merchandising     in     Va., 

149. 

Merharren,  George,  197. 
Messenger   to    Ohio    In 
dians,  17. 

Miami  Indians,  18,  120, 
Micou,  Paul,  ii. 
Miers,  Widow,  208. 
Military  Affairs  Commit 
tee,  8. 

ambition,  221. 
and  civil  magistrates, 

189. 
art,  65. 
chest,  75. 
defenses,  10. 
express,  75,  76. 
posts,  74. 


258 


Index. 


Military    service,    retired 

from,  79,  135. 

stores,  139,  147. 

Militia  as  escort,  29. 

beyond  the  province, 

29. 

of  Frederick  co.,  5,  16. 
Milligan,  James,  208. 
Milton,   James,    148,   171, 

190,  198,  200. 
Joseph,  172,  191,202. 
Minesink,  115. 
Mingo  Town,  30,  37,   78, 

108,  119,  120,  208. 
Ministry,  British,    10,    86, 

1^25,  140. 
petitioned,  10. 
Minor,  Edward,  177,  204. 
Mission  of  peace,  93. 
Mistranslation   of  capitu 
lation,  223. 
Mitchell,     William,     177, 

193,  204. 
Mocassins,  125. 
Monakatoocha,     a     chief, 

99,  100. 
Monongahela,    battle    of, 

7,8. 

river,    13,    14,  18,   24, 
26,  28,  33,  40,  42, 
43,  49,  69,  92,  95, 
99,    122,    128,    136, 
138,  144,  162. 
settlements,  34,  163. 
valley,  53. 


Montgomery,  David,  178, 

195,  205. 

Montour,  Capt.   Andrew, 
18,    102,    103,   104, 
105,  120,   124,  127. 
county,  Pa.,  104. 
geographical     monu 
ments  to,  104. 
Henry,      interpreter, 

103,  104,  107. 
John,  103. 
Madam,  102,  103. 
ridge,  104. 

Montour's  Island,  103. 
Montourville,  104. 
Montreal,  Canada,  22,  36, 

129. 

Moore,  Jean,  171. 
Moorehead,    Jasper,     68, 

196. 

Moran,  Dominick,i  73,  202. 
Moravian        missionaries, 

104. 

Moreau,  Casper,  198. 
Morgan,     Nicholas,     172, 

198,  202. 

Morris,  Jesse,  171, 190,  200. 
Governor  of  Pa.,  100. 
Richard,  171,  200, 

209,  213,  217. 
Mortar-pieces,  46. 
Moss,  Thomas,    172,   191, 

202,    213,    217. 

Most  Christian  King,  35, 

96. 


Index 


259 


Mountains  to  lakes,  36. 
Mount  Airy,  77. 

Braddock,  35,54, 136, 

137- 

Vernon,  1 1,  189,  228. 
Washington,  73. 

Mulholland,  John,  175, 193, 
197,  203. 

Murphy,  Robert,  175,  193, 
197,  203,  213,  217,  219. 

Murry,  Richard,  68. 

Muse,  Lieut-Col.  Geo., 
n,  28,  30,  105,  106,  169, 
182,  1 86,  208,  209,  210, 
212,  217,  219. 

Mushaw,  Abraham,  197, 
203. 

Musket  shot,  44. 

Muster,  general,  58. 

Muster-roll,  58. 

Myer,  Jacob,  179,  205. 

My  journeyover  the  moun 
tains,  44. 

Napp,  Thomas,  173,  192, 
202,  213,  217,  219. 

National  pride,  6. 

Nations  of  Indians,  121. 

Natural  meadows,  73. 

Necklace  of  wampum,  51. 

Negro  rewarded,  184. 

Neill,  Henry,  171,190,198, 
200. 

Nemacolin,  an  Indian,  32. 

Nemacolin's  creek,  42. 


Nepissengues  Indians,  36. 
Nevill's  Island,  103. 
New  France,  73,  136. 

Hanover,  N.  C.,  55. 

recruits,  68. 

settlements,  53. 

store  at  Will's  Creek, 

48. 

York  independent 
company,  63,  65, 
141,  225. 

York  magazine,  28. 
Niagara  expedition,  62. 
Nicholas,  Mr.,  153. 
Nicholson,  Thomas,  175. 
Night  march  by  Washing 
ton,  88. 

Norfolk,  Va.,  24. 
North  America,  229. 

branch    of    Potomac, 

-,  39'. 
Carolina,  Lieut-Gov., 

87. 

Carolina  independent 
company,     56,    65, 
225,  226. 
Northern  Neck,  boundary 

of,  12. 

Norton,  Mr.,  210. 
Not   to    make    establish 
ments,  156. 
Nova  Scotia,  limits  of,  61. 

Office  of   stamp   distribu 
tor,  84. 


260 


Index. 


Officers  and  soldiers,  57, 
165,  167,  170. 

list  of,  177,  199. 

thanked  by  Assembly, 
168,  187,  188. 

of  Virginia  regiment, 

1 86. 

Ogden,  Thomas,  171,  191, 

200. 
Ogilby,    John,     173,    191, 

202,  220. 

Ohio  and  Mississippi,  164. 

branches  and  waters, 
7,  21,  40,  41,  100, 
189. 

Company,  3,  5,  18,32, 
42,  43,  47,  49,  53, 
54,  74,  79,  80,  8 1, 
119,  121,  163. 

expedition  to,  5,  133, 

187,  221. 

forks  of,  26,  62,  100. 
forts  on,  62. 
Indians,  17,  59,  125. 
lands  granted  on,  5, 

218. 

Pile  falls,  70. 
river,   12,  42,  47,  95, 

96,  100,  101,  119. 
State  line,  38. 
troops  on,  92. 
valley,  10. 
Old  and  intimate  friend, 

26. 
King,  a  chief,  37,  39. 


Old  Town,  Md.,  30,  31. 

Ollowais  Indians,  50. 

Oneida  chief,  100,  103. 

Onondaga  Indians,  100, 
115,^118,  123. 

Omission  in  French  Jour 
nal,  51,  52,  70. 

Open  house,  149. 
the  way,  232. 

Orders  found  on  de  Ju- 
monville,  93,  94. 

Orleans,  Isle  of,  151. 

Oswego,  62. 

Ottoway  Indians,  46. 

Oxford  University,  n. 

Ox  river,  95. 

Pack  horses,  74. 

Page,  Bryant,  173,  192, 
202. 

Palmer,  Charlton,  Esq.,  80. 

Palisades  around   French 

forts,  1 02. 
double  rows,  107. 

Papers  of  Col.  Washing 
ton  lost,  1 8 1. 

Park,  Andrew,  73. 

Parkman,  93. 

Parley  called  by   French, 

145. 
Parliament,  86,  87. 

Paris,  commissioners  at, 
61. 

Parson  coming  to  Amer 
ica,  82. 


Index. 


261 


Passayunk,  Pa.,  124.^ 

Pasture,  grass  for  stock, 
127,  142. 

Patented  to  Geo.  Wash 
ington,  73. 

Patenting  lands  for  sol 
diers,  207. 

Patriot  brothers,  77. 

Patriotism  of  the  people, 

234. 
Patron  of  Ohio  Company, 

80. 
Patterson    creek,    30,   51, 

73>  89. 
Paul,  Hugh,  177,  194,  204, 

213,  217. 

Pay-roll  Cap.  Lewis'  com 
pany,  197. 
detached  forces,  184, 

197. 
Virginia       regiment, 

1 86,  187. 
Peace  between  the  crowns, 

41,  146,  156. 
Peach  bottom,  31. 
Pearsall's,  Job,  fort,  26,  30, 

181. 
Pearson,     Thomas,     1 74, 

193- 
People  of  business,  81. 

indifference  of,  4,  6. 
Pennsylvania  and  Virginia 
^  in,  114. 
Colonial  records,  125, 

163. 


Pennsylvania,  governor  of, 

103,  125. 

land  warrants,  31,  73. 
Magazine  of  History, 

Province  of,  4,  17,  27, 
44,  55,95,  104,119, 
120,  124,  1 88. 
State  line,  38. 
Pen  picture  of  Geo.  Wash 
ington,  79. 
Pension    list   of   Va.,    93, 

135,   220. 

Perry,  Alexander,  195, 
205. 

Peyronney,  Cap.  Wm.,  146, 
1 86,  199. 

Peyton's  History  of  Au 
gusta  CO.,  2l8. 

Perkley,  Jacob,  68, 

Peter's  Creek,  12. 

Petition  of  Wm.  Jenkins, 

75,  76. 

to  His  Majesty,  80. 
Philadelphia,  64,  100. 
Picket  lines  doubled,  143. 
Pierce,  Thomas,  197. 
Pierry,  Alexander,  179. 
Pistole  as  bounty  to  each 

man,  169,  184,  197,  201. 
Pitt,  Lord,  on  rank,  23,229. 
Pittsburg,  12,  32,  42,  69, 

73,  100,  101,  103,  136. 
Plat    of    Fort    Necessity 

land,  73. 


262 


Index. 


Plat  or  survey  by  Wash 
ington,  25. 
Point  Pleasant,  21. 
Pokotellico  creek,  215. 
Poison,  Capt.  William,  1 34, 

*35>  137.150,172, 
184,  186,199,212. 
thanked,  166. 
Lieut.  John,  135,  210, 

217. 

Pomit's  Run,  15. 
Poor,  John,  174,  203. 

William,  174,  203. 
Pork,  189. 
Portsmouth,  O.,  47. 
Posts  of  block  house,  157. 
Potomac,  Falls  of,  14. 

river,   12,   13,    14,   15, 
40,91,  164,181,  189. 
to  Roanoke,  187. 
Potter,  John,  176, 194,  204, 

220. 
Powell,  Joseph,   176,    194, 

204,  220. 

Powers,  John,  75. 
Pratt,  Marshall,  173,  202, 

212,  217. 

Prayers  in  the  forts,  101. 
Precautionary      defenses, 

127. 

Presents    to     Miami    In 
dians,  1 8,  19,  113. 
Presque  Isle,  30. 
Price,  James,  203. 
Pride  of  country,  221. 


Prince     George     county, 

Md,  32- 
William  county,  Va., 

187,  214. 

Princes,  friendly,  96. 
Prisoners    of    State    and 
war,  17,   22,  54,  59,  91, 

93>  9& 
Pritchard,    Richard,    195, 

205. 
Privates,  whole  force    of, 

170. 
Proclamation        granting 

land,  5,  21,  216,  218. 
Promotions  by  seniority, 

1 1. 
Proposition  to  capitulate, 

verbal,  146. 

Provincial  enterprise,  221. 
governors,  188. 
troops,  228. 
Provisions  and  stores,  14, 

93,  189. 

Public  express,  75,  76. 
money,  76. 
surveyor,  188. 
Pullen,  William,  179. 
Purdie  &  Dixon,  207. 

Quebec,  Canada,  150,  151, 
~  152. 

Race-course  at  Cameron, 

27. 
Rain  during  battle  of  Fort 

Necessity,  145. 


Index. 


263 


Ramsay,  John,    173,    175, 

192,  202,  212,   217. 
Randolph  county,  W.  Va., 

42. 

Rank  of  Colonial  officers, 
^63,  64,  79,  227. 
Crown     officers,     n, 

139,  187. 

Rappahannock  county,89. 
Reconnoitering    the 

enemy,  91,  134. 
Recruits  from  Alexandria, 

1 80. 
Reducing     the     Virginia 

regiment,  233. 
Redstone  Fort,  34,  36,  42, 
43,  49,  52,  62,  108,  127, 
128,  134,  136,  161. 
Reinforcements  expected, 

26,  126,  141,  220,  222. 
Regimental  pay-roll,  183. 

reports,  164,  169. 
Rendezvous,  65. 
Report  of  House  of  Bur 
gesses,  76. 
on  condition  of  troops, 

140. 
Retreat  from  Fort  Neces- 

ity,  139,  1 60. 
Return    of    Capt.     Hog's 

Co.,  174,  201. 
Lewis'  Co.,  202. 
Mercer's  Co.,  204. 
Stobo's  Co.,  170,  172, 
200. 


Revolution,  service  in,  25, 

90,  135,  1 88. 
Rhode    Island    boundary, 

61. 

Richardson,  David,  218. 
Ezekiel,  drummer,  177, 

i93»  204, 

Richbell,  Richardson,  220. 
Richmond     co.,    77,    130, 

216. 

Riely,  Michael,  171. 
Rifle  pits,  143. 
Rights  of  nations,  3. 
Rind,  William,  207,  210. 
Ritson,  John,  171. 
River,  Ohio,  13. 

not  suited  to  boats,  70. 
Youghiogheny,       ex 
amined,  70. 

Road  cleared  for  artillery, 
42,  48,  50,  62,  74, 
95,  108,  126,  136, 
144. 

made  by  Col.   Wash 
ington,  144. 
Roanoke  river,  130. 
Robe  used  by  Indians  in 

treaty,  115. 

Robinson,  John,  speaker, 
^25,  166,  176. 
Sir  Thomas,  93. 
Rocket  ware,  171. 
Rodgers,  John,  175. 
Roe,  John,  173,   193,   202, 
203. 


264 


Index. 


Rogers,  Francis,  177,  193, 

198,  204. 
Roll  of  Capt.    Hogs  Co., 

174. 

Lewis'  Co.,  202. 
Mercer's  Co.,  180. 
Stobo's  Co.,  200, 
Van  Braam's  Co.,  1 76. 
detached     command, 

197. 

officers  and  men,   24. 
of  soldiers   in  battle, 

201. 

Romney,  Va.,  30. 
Rotchford,  Hugh,  68,  196. 
Rousby  Hall,  230. 
Rowe,  Jabes,  175, 
Roxbury,  Mass.,  61,  62. 
Royal  Americans,  24. 
grandfather,  216. 
troops,  229. 
Rupert,     Frederick,     1 79, 

196,  205.  , 

Russel,  William,  137. 
Rutherford,  R.,  214. 

Capt.  Thomas,  29,  83, 

141. 
Ryley,  Barnaby,  198. 

Sable,  M.  du,  94. 
Sachem,  a  female,  99. 
Saddle    and    bridle    lost, 

181. 
trees  for  pack  horses, 

139- 


Sale  of  lands  by  Indians, 

^  96. 

Sample,     Samuel,     Pitts- 

burg,  208. 
Samuel,   James,   172,  191, 

202,  212,  217. 
Sandy  Creek,  214. 

expedition,  21. 
Sargent's    History,   Brad- 

dock,  53,  100,  139. 
Savage,  Lieut.  John,  166, 
.175,  1  86,   187,   193, 
196,   197,  199,  208, 
212,  214,   217,  219, 
mountain,  40. 
Savages  to  be  restrained, 


Scalped  by  Indians,  82. 
Scalps,  French,  99. 

sent  Delawares,  91. 
Scarroyadda,  chief,  100. 
Schuyler,  Col.  Peter,  103, 

152. 

Sciota  Creek,  46,  47,  50. 
Scotland,    15,    20,    55,  63, 

135,  1  88. 
Scott,   Joseph,    173,    191, 

202. 

Thomas,  175. 
William,  184. 
Scouting  party,  74,  106, 
Scruneyattha  chief,  37,  38, 

51- 
Scully,  Michael,  172,  191, 

202,  217. 


Index. 


265 


Seal  of  Colony  of  Va.,  13. 
Seally,  Michael,  212. 
Secretary  of  War,  231. 
Self,    Francis,    177,     183, 
194,  204,   213,  217,  219. 
Sellers,  Thomas,  Serg.,69. 
Seneca  Indians  on  Lake, 


„          . 
Seniority  command,  60. 

Sergeants,  1  1,  170. 
Servant,  death  of,  8. 
Servants  and   mechanics, 

149. 
Settlements,     frontier,   4, 

5,  13- 
on  Ohio,  79. 

Shamokin,  103. 
Shanopin's  Town,  122. 
Sharp,  Horatio,  Governor 
and       commander, 
44,  45,  48,  49,  56, 
63,   159,    226,  229, 
^  236. 

Governor's  letter,  233. 
Matthias,  177. 
Shawanese  at  Logstown, 
101,  107,  109,    118, 
119. 
at  Old  Town,  32,  47, 

50. 
Shenandoah    county,    21, 

1  80,  181. 
river,  180,  181. 
Sherley,  Gov.-Gen.,  55,  61, 
79- 

34 


Shingise,  king,  chief,  122, 

123. 

Ship  Leeds,  84. 
Shippen,  Edward,  161. 
Sick    in    camp,    171,   173, 

177,  179. 
on  road,  177. 
Silver  Spring  Church,  20. 
Simmonds,  Dempsey,  194. 
Simmons,    Dernsey,    176, 

204. 

William,  176. 
Six  Nations,  36,  39,  41,  46, 
47,   99,    100,    109,    in, 
112,  114,  115,  119,  123, 

*29\ 
Skirmish  with  French,  73. 

with    de    Jumonville, 

29,  34,  94,  222. 
Skirmishers,  89,  143,  144. 
Skinner,  Dudley,  173,202. 
Skipton  in  Yorkshire,  31. 
Skowoniatta,  100. 
Skyvin,  Pearson,  83. 
Slaughter,  Rev.  Philip,  25. 
Thomas,  1 73, 192, 202. 
Sloops,  189. 
Smith,  Rev.,  208. 
Benjamin,  69. 
Charles,  171, 183,  189, 

200,  212,  217. 
James,  175,  197. 
John,    174,    175,   181, 
192,  197,  203,   210, 
213,  217,  219. 


266 


Index. 


Smith,  John,  second,  203. 
Patrick,   197. 
Richard,     190,     200, 

209,  212,  218. 
Zachariah,    173,    192, 

202. 
Soldiers,    bounty   money, 

183. 

carry  heavy  burdens, 

20,  139,  165,  167. 
for    diplomatic     rea 
sons,  48. 
fit  for  duty,  178. 
haul  the  cannon,  139. 
Somerfield,  Pa.,  163.' 
Somerset  co.,  Pa.,  163. 
Somersetshire,     England, 

1 1. 

South    branch     Potomac, 
^30,  31,  89. 
Carolina,     independ 
ent    co.,     63,     65, 
142. 

Sparks,  Jared,  historian,  7, 
45,  64,  77,  124,  126,  127, 

131.  i33>  *35>  HO,  155- 
Speak  French,  146. 
Speaker,House  Burgesses, 
^  152,  154,  166,  168. 
Speech  by  Croghan,   124. 

Half  King,  166. 

by  Indians,  109. 

to  Six  Nations,  50,  115. 
Spies   reconnoitering,  92, 

94,  124. 


Spiltdorph.EnsignCarolus 

Gustavus, 26, 98,1 86,200. 

Spiser,  Benjamin,  177, 194, 

204. 

Spotswood,  Col.,  105. 
Squaw,  Indian,  99. 
Stafford  county,  Va.,  78. 

C.  H.,  80. 

St.  Lawrence  river,  151. 
Stallons,  William,  171,190, 

198,  200. 
Stamp  act,  84,  85,  88. 

distribution,  83,84,87. 
Stamped  paper,  87. 

parchment,  87. 
Stanard,  Matthew,  205. 
Standard,  staff  for,  180. 
Stanwix,  Gen.,  82. 
Staple,  Daniel,  171,  213. 
State  affair,  3. 

craft,  4. 

Department,  185,  187, 

234- 

of  Ohio,  47. 
Statue,       Gen.      Andrew 

Lewis,  130. 
Stedman,  Thomas,  Corp., 

,  i75>  192,  I97- 

Stephen,  Gen.  Adam,  26, 
27,  28,  29,  51,  98,  165, 
1 86,  199,  208,  209,  210, 
212,  218,  219. 

Stephens,  John,  173. 

Stephenson,  Hugh,  210. 
Marcus,  209. 


Index. 


267 


Stewart,    Alexander,   171, 

190,  201. 
John,  177,  193. 
Robert,  179,  188,204, 

213,  218,  219. 
Township,  70. 
Stewart's  Crossing,  106. 
Stobo,  Capt,  22,  67,  122, 
148,  149,   150,   151, 

152,  153,  157,  170, 
171,  172,  182,  1 86, 
189,  190,  196,  212, 
218,  220. 

company  of,  1 72,  200. 

escapes  from  prison, 

heirs  of,  219. 
imprisonment  of,  150. 
letter    to    Assembly, 

154- 
plan    of      Fort    Du- 

quesne,  150,  151. 
sentenced    to    death, 


thanked  by  the  House 
of   Burgesses,   153, 

165. 

Stone,    Hugh,    179,    195, 

^  205. 

Stony  Creek  expedition, 
129. 

Stores  and  baggage  de 
stroyed,  1 60. 

Storehouse  at  Fort  Red 
stone,  42,  43,  49,  161. 


Stratagem  suspected,  145. 
Street,  John,  208. 
Strings  of  wampum,  119. 
Strong  men  help  the  weak, 

163. 

Stuart,  Debora,  188. 

Capt.     Walter,     186, 

1  88,  200. 

Summons    by  de  Contre- 
coeur,  1  8,  34. 

bearers  of,  91,  92,  93. 

copy  of,  96. 

insolent,  94,  95. 

to  depart,  146. 

to  the  French,  46,  75. 
Supplies    and     reinforce 

ments,  222. 
Surgeon  British  army,  24. 

Virginia  regiment,  20. 
Surprise,  95. 
Surrender  Fort  Necessity, 


, 
Survey  soldiers'  lands,  206. 

Surveys  patented,  209. 
Surveyor-General  of  Cus 

toms,  9. 
Surveyor's  Art,  32. 

in  America,  83. 

license  of,  32. 

public,  1  88. 
Suspend  officers,  61. 
Susquehanna  river,  3  1  ,103, 
^  104,  115. 

Sussex,  England,  61. 
Suver,  Peter,  a  trader,  67. 


268 


Index. 


Swallow,  William,  171,190, 

201. 
Swedish  gentleman,  20,26, 

98. 

Swiney,  George,  203. 

Terrance,     175,    192, 

197,  203. 
Sword  as  a  present,  82. 

Talbott,  Captain,  130. 
Tallow    candle,    a   single 

one,  147. 
Tanacharison,    a   sachem, 

37,  100,  123. 
Tate,  Magnus,  209. 
Taxation  of  the  Colonies, 

10. 

Tayloe,  John,  77,  81. 
Taylor,  Christian,  69. 
Elizabeth,  20. 
George,  176, 194,  204. 
Tendell,  Nehemiah,  175. 
Ten  miles  square,  15. 
Terms  of  capitulation, 2 23. 
Territories  of  the  King,96. 
Thanks  of  the  Delawares, 

116. 

of  Assembly   to  sol 
diers,  1 66,  167. 
of  Assembly  to  Wash 
ington  and  officers, 
165,   1 68. 
This  war  to  serve  the  In 
dians,  I  12. 
Thomas,  Gov.,  of  Pa.,  17. 


Thomas  James,  Corp.,  1 73, 
181,  191,  202. 

James  Bowman,  181. 

John,  69. 
Thompson,  Edward,  180. 

John,  177,  193. 
Thornton,  John,  204. 

Presley,  81. 
Three  Forks,  69. 
Thurston,  John,  175,  197, 

210. 

Title  to  land,  137. 
Titus,  James,  193,  203. 
Tobacco  rolling-house,  15. 
Towner,  Lieut.  James,  97, 
98,   99,   1 66,    183,    1 86, 

194,    196,    199,    210,   211, 
212,   2l8,   219. 

Trade,  British  Board  of,  9, 

10. 
Traders,  Indian,  17,  35,  47, 

62,  72,  98,  124. 
made  prisoners,  101. 
sent  to  Canada,  101. 
Train  of  soldiers,  16. 
Translation  misled  Wash 
ington,  22,  158,  223. 
Tranton,  John,  171. 
Trappers,  47. 
Treasurer  of  the  colony, 

153,  166. 
Treaty  of  Logstown,  118, 

119. 

with  Indians,  18,  121. 
Treeless  valley,  72. 


Index. 


269 


Trenches  around  fort,  143. 
Trent,    Capt.   William,   7, 
17,  1 8,  19,  20,  26,  30,  32, 
33,  39,40,41,45,47,62, 
74,  101,  181. 
Trent,  a  patriot,  20. 

calls     for     reinforce 
ments,  26. 

double  company,  162. 
claim    for  losses,   18, 

19. 

Indian  trade,  20. 
journal,  18,  20. 
Triston,  John,  193. 
Troops  without  arms,  56. 
in    battle    of     Great 

Meadows,  170. 
Trotter,  Richard,  19,  184, 

212,  2l8,   22O. 

Tunstale,    Robert,    Serg., 

171,    189,   201,    212,   28l. 

Turkey  Foot,  67,  69,  163. 
Turtle  Creek,  18,  161,  162. 
Two  shillings  a  day,  47. 
Tyan,  William,  196. 
Tyroll,  James,  Serg.,  175, 
178,  195,  205. 

Underhill,    William,    173, 

192,  202. 
Ulerich,  Mr.,  36. 
Ulster     county,     Ireland, 

129. 
U  nhappy      disagreement, 

58. 


Union  of  the  colonies,22i. 
Uniontown,  Pa.,  72. 
University    of    Edinburg, 

24. 
of  Glasgow,  148. 

Valley  of  Virginia,  90. 
Van  Braam,  Capt.  Jacob, 

20,    21,     22,    23,    24, 

68,  146,  147,  148, 
154,  169,  176,  1 86, 
193,  194,  196,  212, 
218,  219,  220,  223. 
given  as  a  hostage, 

22,  23. 

received  land,  23,  24. 
roll    of   company   of, 

178,  203. 
verbal  translation  by, 

159- 
van  Swerengen,  214. 

Vaucluse,  Fairfax  county, 

24,  25. 

Veech,  Mr.,  89. 
Venango,    a    French    and 

Indian  post,  30,  34,  45, 

116,  122,  162. 
Verbal    report    of    terms 

of  capitulation,  147. 
Vernon,  Admiral,  21,  105. 
Vestal,   John,    ferry,    180, 

181. 

Gap,  1 8 1. 

Vestry  of  church,  n. 
Vice-admiral,  40. 


270 


Index. 


Villiers,Coulon  de,  French 
Commander,       43, 
128,  144,  146,   147, 
154,  157,  161. 
Journal,  163. 

Virginia,  44,  67,  148,  149, 

155- 
and       Pennsylvania 

governors,  n  i,  1 14. 
Assembly,    3,    4,     5, 

151,  222,  225. 
capital  of,  74. 
claims  to  Ohio,  4. 
commissioners,  129. 
convention,  68. 
colony  of,  3,   29,  67, 

77,. 89. 
colonial  commander, 

189. 

forces,  54,  130,  188. 
rest     at     Will's 

Creek,  225. 
frontier  defenses,  28. 
Gazette,  22. 
governor  of,    17,  23, 

37,  45,  50,  66,  93, 

100,  109,   112,  113, 

114,  126,  206. 
land  office,  211. 
opposed  Stamp  Act, 

86. 
regiment   at   Cartha- 

gena,  21,  105. 
regiment,  7,  11,13,  19, 

21,  24,   25,  28,   29, 


39»  48,  53,  56,  64, 
105,  129,  142,  164, 
167,  168,   169,  170, 
186,  187,  224. 
Virginia  regiment,  retreat 

of,  133- 
pay-roll,  187. 
troops  cross  the  moun 
tains,  224. 
at  Gist's,  138,140. 
reorganize,  227. 
vote  of  thanks,  79,105. 

Waddy,     Charles,    Serg., 

170,  190,  197,  201. 
Waggoner,    Andrew,    90, 
209,  212,  218,  219. 
Ensign,  Edmund,  89, 

90,  191,  202,  218. 
Capt.     Thomas,     89, 
128,   137,  166,  186, 
199. 

Upper  Fort,  89. 
Wagon  road,  62. 
Wagons,    126,    139,    1 80, 

189. 

Walker,  Michael,  179,  205. 
Walnut  Bottoms,  32. 
Walters,   Philip,  179,  195, 

205. 
Waltho,  clerk  to  Council, 

152,  207. 
Wampum,  46,  50,  51,  99, 

119,  124. 
belt  of,  38,  39,  67,  126. 


Index. 


271 


Wampum  ordered  by 
Council,  108,  110,113, 
114,  115,  116,  117, 
118. 

Warm  Spring  Mountain, 
130. 

War,  articles  of,  58. 
not  declared,  4,  22. 
of  the  Revolution,  29. 

Ward,   Maj.   Edward,   18, 

30.  32,  33.  39.  44. 
45,  46,  47,  48,  62, 
66,  101,  102,  162, 
1 8-1. 

Elijah,  203. 
Pledge,  198. 
Warehouse,  15. 
Warriors  sharpen  hatchets, 

113^  123. 
Washington,     Augustine, 

32,  144- 

Col.  George,  accounts 
of,  9. 

accounts  of,  for  sol 
diers'  lands,  207, 
208,  209,  210,  211. 

accounts  of,  with  Vir 
ginia,  1 80,  1 8 1,  182, 

183. 

a  Mason,  21. 

and  bounty  lands,  206. 

and  officers  thanked, 
147,  165. 

and  officers  joint  let 
ter,  1 68. 


Washington,  aide  to  Gen. 

Braddock,  n. 
a  trustee  of  Alexan 
dria^  15^ 
at  Williamsburg,  133, 

164,  165. 

capitulation  of,  22. 
commissioned     adju 
tant-general, 
10,  ii. 

lieutenant-col 
onel,  224,  226. 
commander,  12. 
conference   with    In 
dians,  37. 

county,  Maryland,  31. 
declines  service,  232. 
diary  of,  27. 
indorsement  of,  201. 
expecting  an  attack, 

144. 

family,  31. 

George,  Col.,  5,  7, 
10,  n,  20,  24,  25, 
28,  33.  34.  37.  39. 
48,  51.  53.  54.  56, 
63,  64,  65,  66,  68, 

71.  73.  74.  75.  77> 
78,  79,  89,  91,  92, 
93,  99,  100,  104, 
105,  106,  119,  123, 
125,  128,  129,  130, 
I3L  135.  137.  138, 
139.  154.  155.  i57> 
1 6 1,  162,  169,  170, 


272 


Index. 


172,  174,  176,  178, 
1 80,  187,  197,  213, 
214,  215,  218,  219, 

220,    221,     223,    228, 
.234. 

Washington  gave  his  sad 
dle  horse  to  pack 
ammunition,  139. 

imposed  upon  by 
translator,  159. 

letters  of,  45,  98,  230, 
231. 

lieut.-col.,  commission 
of,  10. 

losses  in  battle  of,  8. 

on  rank,  227,  228. 

and  officers  thanked 
by  Assembly,  165, 
1 66. 

instructions  to,  16, 
20. 

journal  of,  French 
version,  7,  27,  38, 

7?,  131.  134- 
Major  Lawrence,  15, 

^  21,  32,  44>  56>  105. 
Col.  Lewis,  79. 
papers  of,  lost,  89. 
President,  26. 
resigns     commission, 

1 1. 
soldiers'  devotion  to, 

'A2' 
solicited     to     accept 

commission,  230. 


Washington  succeeded  to 

command,  224. 
unacquainted       with 

French,  159. 
Washington's  pay,  10. 
picket  attacked,  144. 
reply  to  thanks,  167. 
retreat,  8. 
servant's  death,  8. 
soldiers  at  Fort   Ne 
cessity,  1 40, 1 44, 1 46. 
speech  to  Indians,  50, 

no. 
statue   in  Richmond, 

130. 

visit  to  Ohio,  38. 
will^  74. 
writings,  224. 
Waters  and  streams,   47, 

49,  66,  67,  70. 
Philemon,  198. 
Watts,  Arthur,   175,   203, 

213,  217,  219. 
Wedman,  Corp.  Thomas, 

203. 
Welch,   David,    170,    171, 

190,  201. 

West,  John,  208,  209,  210, 
21 1,   212,  218,  219. 
Lieut.  John,  Jr., 26,67, 
68,98,  186,187,196. 
Indies,  24. 
Virginia,  42. 
Western  country,  188. 
frontier,  125. 


Index. 


273 


Western  Pennsylvania,  54, 

122. 

Westover,  79. 
Wharton  township,  72. 
Whitehead,  Edward,  177, 

194,  204. 

Whitman,  John,  174,  203. 
Wiandot  Indians,  99. 
Wilkinson,  Daniel,  203. 

David,  203. 
Will,  an  Indian,  39,  40. 

of  Col.  Croghan,  1 24. 
William   and    Mary    Col 
lege,  n,  78. 
Williams,   Peregrine,  171, 

190,  201. 

Williamsburg,  3,  8,  13,  22, 
33,  41,  59,62,64,  79,83, 
87,  93,  120,  132,  164, 
181,  189. 

Will's  Creek,   12,    14,    24, 
28,  32>  33>  39>  43> 
45>  48,  57,  63,  64, 
68,    105,    133,    138, 
140,  141,   142,   150, 
160,  164,  165,   169, 
178,  180,   181,  189, 
225,  226,  233. 
Mountain,  40. 
Wilson,  John,  212,  218. 
Winchester,  18,  25,  30,  55, 
56,57,68,  74,75,82,90, 

35 


93,   98,    102,    181,    208, 
209,  225,  226. 
Woelper,  or  Welper,  John 
David,    69,    ^212,     218, 
219. 

Wolfe,  Gen.,  151. 
Wood,  James,  180,  181. 
Working  party,  protection 

of,  134. 
Wounded,   171,    173,   175, 

176,  179. 

soldiers,  aid  to,  184. 
Wright,    John,    heirs    of, 

218,  219. 

Ensign     Wm.,     186, 
187,  197,   *99>  211, 

212. 

Wythe,  Mr.,  29. 

Yates,  Charles,  211. 
York  river,  84. 
Yorkshire,  England,  31. 
Yorktown,  25. 
Youghiogheny  ford,  163. 

head  springs,  40. 

river,  54,  69,   70,   72, 

99,  107,  127. 

Young  Indian  men,  38, 44, 
46,  50. 

Zinzendorf   on    Montour, 
104. 


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days  prior  to  due  date. 

MAR  1GIMI  AS  STAMPED  BELOW 
MAR  1 G  20CO 


D 
ic 


12,000(11/95) 


YD   12346 


305" 


/  75-4 

1293 

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


